The Use of Medical Scribes in Health Care Settings: A Systematic Review and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Electronic health records (EHRs) hold promise to improve productivity, quality, and outcomes; however, using EHRs can be cumbersome, disruptive to workflow, and off-putting to patients and clinicians. One proposed solution to this problem is the use of medical scribes. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the literature investigating the effect of medical scribes on health care productivity, quality, and outcomes. Implications for future research are discussed. METHODS: A keyword search of the Cochrane Library, OvidSP Medline database, and Embase database from January 2000 through September 2014 was performed using the terms scribe or scribes in the title or abstract. To ensure no potentially eligible articles were missed, a second search was done using Google Scholar. English-language, peer-reviewed studies assessing the effect of medical scribes on health care productivity, quality, and outcomes were retained. Identified studies were assessed and the findings reported. RESULTS: Five studies were identified. Three studies assessed scribe use in an emergency department, 1 in a cardiology clinic, and 1 in a urology clinic. Two of 3 studies reported scribes had no effect on patient satisfaction; 2 of 2 reported improved clinician satisfaction; 2 of 3 reported an increase in the number of patients; 2 of 2 reported an increase in the number of relative value units per hour; 1 of 1 reported increased revenue; 3 of 4 reported improved time-related efficiencies; and 1 of 1 reported improved patient-clinician interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence suggests medical scribes may improve clinician satisfaction, productivity, time-related efficiencies, revenue, and patient-clinician interactions. Because the number of studies is small, and because each study suffered important limitations, confidence in the reliability of the evidence is significantly constrained. Given the nascent state of the science, methodologically rigorous and sufficiently powered studies are greatly needed.
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Freire, S. K., Niforatos, E., Rusák, Z., Aschenbrenner, D., & Bozzon, A. (2022) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3543829.3544516 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chart Completion Time of Attending Physicians While Using Medical Scribes.
Florig, S. T., Corby, S., Rosson, N. T., Devara, T., Weiskopf, N. G., Gold, J. A., & Mohan, V. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ong, S. Y., Jeffery, M. M., Williams, B., O’Connell, R. T., Goldstein, R. L., & Melnick, E. R. (2021) · NEJM Catalyst · doi:10.1056/cat.21.0294 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Next big thing: integrating medical scribes into academic medical centres
Lin, S., Khoo, J. W., & Schillinger, E. (2016) · BMJ Simulation & Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1136/bmjstel-2015-000054 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Potential Effects of the Electronic Health Record on the Small Physician Practice: A Delphi Study.
Sines, C. C., & Griffin, G. R. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Scribes: Re-writing the story on patient and provider experience
Morawski, K., Childs-Roshak, J., & Weitberg, A. B. (2017) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2017.04.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impact of Scribe Intervention on Documentation in an Outpatient Pediatric Primary Care Practice
Jhaveri, P., Abdulahad, D., Fogel, B. N., Chuang, C. H., Lehman, E. B., Chawla, L., Foley, K. A., Phillips, T. A., & Levi, B. H. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wilson, P. M., Batra, M., Kemper, K. J., Mahan, J. D., Staples, B. B., & Serwint, J. R. (2019) · Pediatrics in Review · doi:10.1542/pir.2018-0329 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Medical Scribes in the Emergency Department: The Scribes’ Point of View
Eley, R. M., & Allen, B. R. (2019) · Ochsner Journal · doi:10.31486/toj.18.0176 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Medical scribes improve documentation consistency and efficiency in an otolaryngology clinic
Elton, A. C., Schutte, D., Ondrey, G., & Ondrey, F. G. (2022) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103510 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Physician perceptions of documentation methods in electronic health records
McAmis, N. E., Dunn, A. S., Feinn, R., Bernard, A. W., & Trost, M. J. (2021) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458221989399 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Physicians’ job satisfaction in their begin, mid and end career stage
Jongbloed, L. J. S., Schönrock-Adema, J., Borleffs, J. C. C., Stewart, R. E., & Cohen‐Schotanus, J. (2016) · Journal of Hospital Administration · doi:10.5430/jha.v6n1p1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Impact of Scribes on Medical Student Education:
Hafer, J., Wu, X., & Lin, S. (2018) · Family Medicine · doi:10.22454/fammed.2018.933777 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Comparing Scribed and Non-scribed Outpatient Progress Notes.
Rule, A., Florig, S. T., Bedrick, S. D., Mohan, V., Gold, J. A., & Hribar, M. R. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wutthisirisart, P., Martinez, G., Heaton, H. A., Pasupathy, K. S., Thompson, M. S., & Sır, M. Y. (2018) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-018-1080-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Human Factors of AI-Empowered Knowledge Sharing
Freire, S. K. (2023) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3544549.3577044 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tiem, J. M. V., Steffensmeier, K. S., Wakefield, B. J., Stewart, G. L., Zemblidge, N., Steffen, M. J. A., & Moeckli, J. K. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4355-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of Scribes with Flow Coordination Duties on Throughput in an Academic Emergency Department
Thomas, K., Marcum, J., Wagner, A. M., & Kohn, M. A. (2020) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.2.46110 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Emmert, C., Avoundjian, T., Irvine, M. K., Tapia‐Muñoz, T., Schenkel, R., Hernández, M., Kozlowski, S., Nash, D., & Guarino, H. (2025) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2025.0047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pollock, J. R., Moore, M. L., Llanes, A. C., Brinkman, J. C., Makovicka, J. L., Dulle, D. L., Hinckley, N. B., Barcia, A. M., Anastasi, M. B., & Chhabra, A. (2022) · Arthroscopy Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2022.02.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bryan, A. L., & Lammers, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Professions and Organization · doi:10.1093/jpo/joaa023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An institutional scribe program increases productivity in a dermatology clinic
Mojeski, J. A., Singh, J., McCabe, J., Colegio, O. R., ROTHMAN, I. L., & Paragh, G. (2020) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.03.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Implementing electronic health records on a medical service trip improves the patient care process
Maarsingh, H., Oyler, K., Tuhaise, G., Sourial, M., Nornoo, A. O., Moses, W., & Rhodes, L. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.960427 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Waller, R., Ekpa, N., & Kass, L. E. (2021) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-021-01407-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reduced Cognitive Burden and Increased Focus
Pfoh, E. R., Hong, S., Baranek, L., Rothberg, M. B., Beinkampen, S., Misra-Hebert, A. D., Rehm, S. J., & Sikon, A. L. (2022) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001688 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The implementation of scribing within a medical school’s pre-clinical curriculum: pilot study
Palomares, V., Patel, A. A., Wagner, E. S., McCarthy, E. K., Adams, W., & Fitz, M. M. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03379-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bett, E. S., Frommeyer, T. C., Reddy, T., & Johnson, J. “. (2023) · Intelligence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ibmed.2023.100096 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Feasibility evaluation of a pilot scribe-training program in an Australian emergency department*
Walker, K., Johnson, M. D., Dunlop, W. A., Staples, M., Rodda, H., Turner, I., & Ben‐Meir, M. (2017) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah16188 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Finance and Time Use Implications of Team Documentation for Primary Care: A Microsimulation
Basu, S., Phillips, R. S., Bitton, A., Song, Z., & Landon, B. E. (2018) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2247 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Scribes, Electronic Health Records, and the Expectation of Confidentiality
Wangenheim, P. M. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Ethics · doi:10.1086/jce2018293240 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of medical scribes on patients, physicians, and safety: A scoping review
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Subbe, C. P., Pearson, N., Wischhusen, S., Hibbs, R., Wright, S. R., & Xenou, M. (2020) · Future Healthcare Journal · doi:10.7861/fhj.2019-0061 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Re: The Use of Medical Scribes in Health Care Settings: A Systematic Review and Future Directions
Dubé, K. (2015) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.05.150184 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clinician Perceptions of Virtual Scribe Use: A Survey Study
Prasad, K., Frits, M. L., Iannaccone, C. K., Melnick, E. R., Zhang, J., Mugal, A., Lipsitz, S. R., Healey, M. J., Holland, C. J., Snyder, R. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09771-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Scribes, EHRs, and Workflow Efficiencies in Allergy Practices
Carlisle, A., Greenbaum, S. M., & Tankersley, M. S. (2020) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-020-00950-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Methods for Large-Scale Quantitative Analysis of Scribe Impacts on Clinical Documentation.
Hribar, M. R., Dusek, H., Goldstein, I. H., Rule, A., & Chiang, M. F. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shultz, C. G., & Holmstrom, H. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
- Published
- 2015-05-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 371-381
- ISSN
- 1557-2625 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-7118
- OpenAlex
- W1902469417
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Nursing Diagnosis and Documentation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Medical Coding and Health Information
- Keywords
- medical scribes, electronic health records, health care productivity, quality of care, patient satisfaction, provider satisfaction, patient-clinician interaction, emergency department, cardiology clinic, urology clinic, relative value units, healthcare revenue
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Documentation, Humans, Job Satisfaction, Quality of Health Care, Patient Satisfaction, Efficiency, Organizational, Workflow, Electronic Health Records
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