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Cited by 2,646Radioactive element chemistry and processingChemical Synthesis and CharacterizationMethane Hydrates and Related Phenomena

Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest

Open access
Friedman, Irving, O'Neil, J.R.·1977·Professional Paper
DOI 10.3133/pp440kk
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Abstract

Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water, by G

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3133/pp440kk

Cites

73 of 73 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 42 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    The I.A.E.A. SMOW water has been analyzed in many laboratories and its oxygen isotope composition has been found identical to the originally defined SMOW within ±0.05 per mil.

    “This latter SMOW has been analyzed in many laboratories, and the oxygen isotope composition has been found by many investigators to be identical to the originally defined SMOW within the limits of analytical uncertainty (±0.05°/oo)-”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Several recent determinations of the CO2-H2O fractionation factor at 25°C indicate that the factor is probably larger than 1.0407.

    “However, several recent determinations of this factor indicate that the factor is probably larger than 1.0407 (table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    The δO18 value of NBS-28 reported from several laboratories indicates a range between 9.5 and 9.9.

    “The SO18 value of NBS-28 reported to the authors from several laboratories indicate a range between 9.5 and 9.9.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Recent determinations indicate that the δ value of NBS-21 is closer to −28.10.

    “Recent determinations indicate that the latter value is closer to-28.10 (Mook, 1971;Letolle, 1971;F. C. Tan, unpub. data, 1973;J. D. Gleason and I. Friedman, unpub. data, 1973).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mook, 1971 source
    • cites Letolle, 1971

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites F. C. Tan, unpub. data, 1973

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingreasoning

    When results of deuterium analyses of the four I.A.E.A. standard waters were compared, significant discrepancies in δD were apparent.

    “When the results of deuterium analyses of the four I.A.E.A. standard waters were compared several years ago, significant discrepancies in 8 D were apparent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 27
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The per mil fractionation 10^3 ln α is very well approximated by Δ = δ_A − δ_B; subtracting δ values is an excellent approximation to the per mil fractionation and identical within analytical error for values of both Δ's and δ's less than about 10.

    “That is, merely subtracting S values will be an excellent approximation to the per mil fractionation and identical to it within the limits of analytical error for values of both A 's and 6 's, which are less than about 10.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Recent measurements by Coplen and Clayton (1973) on a high-resolution mass spectrometer have verified Craig's δD results; Coplen and Clayton's δD for NBS-1A is −183.0 ± 0.5.

    “Recent measurements by Coplen and Clayton (1973) on a high-resolution mass spectrometer (Hs”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coplen and Clayton (1973) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The I.A.E.A. sample of water called SMOW is not identical in D/H ratio to the defined SMOW; Coplen and Clayton (1973) report a δD value of −1.2.

    “The I.A.E.A. sample of water called SMOW has been analyzed in several laboratories and is not identical in D/H ratio to the defined SMOW.Coplen and Clayton (1973), for example, report a 8D value of -1.2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coplen and Clayton (1973) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Friedman found differences in δD as high as 8 per mil among 4 separate samples of NBS-1 received over the past 20 years; therefore some interlaboratory differences may depend on the batch of NBS-1 standard utilized.

    “Friedman has recently measured the hydrogen isotope compositions of 4 separate samples of NBS-1 that he received over the past 20 years and found differences in 8D as high as 8°/oo.Therefore some of the interlaboratory differences observed may depend on the batch of NBS-1 standard utilized.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    To relate δO18 values of calcite on the PDB and SMOW scales, δSMOW = 1.03086 δPDB + 30.86 and δPDB = 0.97006 δSMOW − 29.94, based on fractionation factors at 25°C: 1.0412 for CO2-H2O, 1.01025 for H3PO4-liberated CO2 from calcite, and 1.00022 for H3PO4-liberated CO2 from PDB-CO2 in equilibrium with SMOW.

    “To relate 8 O 18 values of calcite on the PDB and SMOW scales, the following expressions are used: 8 sMow=1 -030868 PDB + 30.86, and 8 PDB=0.970068SMOW-29.94.These relationships are based on the following fractionation factors at 25°C: 1.0412 for CO2-H2O, 1.01025 for H 3PO4-liberated CO2 from calcite and, 1.00022 for H 3PO4-liberated CO2 from PDB-CO2 in equilibrium with SMOW.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    There is some indication that random and significant variations in δO18 exist between different samplings of the main storage vessels of the NBS water standards.

    “There is some indication that random and significant variations in 5O18 exist between different samplings of the main storage vessels of the NBS water standards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Sodium and potassium feldspar have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.

    “NOTE.Sodium and potassium feldspar have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Potassium feldspar has isotopic properties identical to albite within the limits of analytical error.

    “Potassium feldspar has isotopic properties identical to albite within the limits of analytical error.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The crossover point (10^3 ln α = 0) occurs at 130°C, and there is a reversal at 425°C (10^3 ln α = -48).

    “The crossover point (10s Ina = 0) occurs at 130°C, and there is a reversal at 425°C 10s In a--48).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Additional data on these systems by O'Neil and Truesdell (written commun., 1976) are in agreement with those of Sofer and Gat (1972) and of Taube (1954).

    “Additional data on these systems by O'Neil and Truesdell (written commun., 1976) are not shown but are in agreement with those of Sofer and Gat (1972) and of Taube (1954).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites O'Neil and Truesdell (written commun., 1976)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Sofer and Gat (1972)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Taube (1954) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The crossover point in Figure 31 is at 192°C.

    “Note the crossover point at 192°C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Muscovite and paragonite have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.

    “NOTE.Muscovite and paragonite have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    In oxygen isotope analysis of carbonates, identical physical and chemical conditions must be operative during preparation of standard and sample so that systematic errors will cancel.

    “In the oxygen isotope analysis of carbonates, identical physical and chemical conditions must be operative during preparation of standard and sample so that systematic errors will cancel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Equilibrium fractionation factors between species of geochemical interest have been determined directly by laboratory experiments, by calculations using statistical thermodynamics, and inferred from regularities in stable isotope ratios of natural materials.

    “Equilibrium fractionation factors that measure the distribution of a rare stable isotope between two species have been determined directly by laboratory experiments and also by calculations using the methods of statistical thermodynamics.They have also been inferred from regularities in the stable isotope ratios of natural materials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Urey (1947) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The δ values given by Craig (1957) for NBS-20 and NBS-21 are −1.06 and −27.79, respectively.

    “The 8 values given by Craig (1957) for these standards are -1.06 and -27.79, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Craig (1957) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The H3+ contribution to the mass 3 beam cannot be determined precisely; when this contribution is large (>10 percent), the correction may result in incorrect δ values.

    “The H3 + contribution to the mass 3 beam cannot be determined precisely.Consequently, when this contribution is large ( > 10 percent), the correction may result in incorrect 8 values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    As geothermometers, stable isotope fractionation factors continue to show considerable promise for a variety of geologic environments.

    “As geothermometers, stable isotope fractionation factors continue to show considerable promise for a variety of geologic environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The two curves for quartz-magnetite are similar and the slope for this important system is fairly certain.

    “It is encouraging that the two curves are so similar and that the slope for this important system is fairly certain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The curve in Figure 20 should show a reversal of slope at low temperature similar to that shown by the magnetite-water system.

    “This curve should show a reversal of slope at low temperature similar to that shown by the magnetite-water system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is enough consistency in the natural data to warrant future investigations aimed at reconciling some of the discrepancies in the experimental data.

    “There is enough consistency in the natural data to warrant future investigations aimed at reconciling some of the discrepancies in the experimental data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Some discrepancies among the experimental curves are undoubtedly the result of nonequilibrium or kinetic isotope effects, which can often be difficult to recognize.

    “However, some of the discrepancies among the experimental curves are undoubtedly the result of nonequilibrium or kinetic isotope effects, which can often be difficult to recognize.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The curve in Figure 26 is based on measurements at only two temperatures, 350° and 400°C.

    “This curve is based on measurements at only two temperatures, 350° and 400°C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Sulfur hexafluoride has some advantages over sulfur dioxide for sulfur isotopic analysis.

    “Sulfur hexafluoride has some advantages over sulfur dioxide for sulfur isotopic analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The curve in Figure 27 is a least-squares fit to the authors' data.

    “This curve is a least-squares fit to the authors' data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Temperatures can be read to ±0.5°C on some curves and to ±5°C on others.

    “Temperatures can be read to ±0.5°C on some curves and to ±5°C on others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The expressions in Figure 2 are independent of the standard used.

    “The expressions are independent of the standard used.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The calculated fractionation factors for gaseous systems are among the most reliable factors presented here.

    “The calculated fractionation factors for gaseous systems are among the most reliable factors presented here.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Except for the feldspars and micas, rutile, and magnetite, the factor 1.0407 was used in the determination of the isotopic compositions of the waters used in all the experiments.

    “Except for the feldspars and micas (O'Neil and Taylor, 1967Taylor, , 1969)), rutile (Addy and Garlick, 1974), and magnetite (Bertenrath and Friedrichsen, 1975) the factor 1.0407 was used in the determination of the isotopic compositions of the waters used in all the experiments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites O'Neil and Taylor, 1967
    • cites Addy and Garlick, 1974 source
    • cites Bertenrath and Friedrichsen, 1975

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The quartz-magnetite pair is potentially the most useful, and certainly the most sensitive, pair for oxygen isotope thermometry.

    “The quartz-magnetite pair is potentially the most useful, and certainly the most sensitive, pair for oxygen isotope thermometry”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The curves proposed by Bottinga and Javoy (1973, 1974) are self-consistent and take into account much of the experimental work and theoretical considerations.

    “The curves proposed by Bottinga andJavoy (1973, 1974) are presented, inasmuch as they are self-consistent and take into account much of the experimental work and theoretical considerations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bottinga and Javoy (1973, 1974)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The curve in Figure 4 is an extrapolation of lower temperature data.

    “This is an extrapolation of their lower temperature data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Presenting all these data together uncritically calls attention to the problem areas that require resolution.

    “Presenting all these data together uncritically calls attention to the problem areas that require resolution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The Solenhofen Limestone standard is too fine grained to be a good and lasting standard.

    “The Solenhofen Limestone standard is actually too fine grained to be a good and lasting standard.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Some systems have been examined more thoroughly than others in the original references.

    “It is clear from reading the details given in the original references that some systems have been examined more thoroughly than others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    8W is incorrectly defined in the original paper (Longinelli and Nutti, 1973).

    “NOTE.8 W is incorrectly defined in the original paper.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Longinelli and Nutti (1973)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Fractionations (10^3 ln α) can normally be read to ±0.2 per mil from the curves.

    “Fractionations (103lna) can normally be read to ±0.2 per mil.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The mass spectrometric corrections for sulfur dioxide are large.

    “The mass spectrometric corrections for sulfur dioxide are large”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The curves have been extrapolated beyond the temperature ranges investigated and even beyond the range of stability of some minerals, to provide rough estimates when no other information is available.

    “The curves have been extrapolated beyond the temperature ranges investigated and even beyond the range of stability of some minerals.This was done to provide rough estimates when no other information is available.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Stable isotope relations are somewhat obscured by experimental difficulties and nonequilibrium effects.

    “The stable isotope relations are somewhat obscured by experimental difficulties and nonequilbrium effects”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
39 of 39

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The fractionation at 25°C is 40.37 for the CO2-H2O system.

    “The data have been plotted assuming that the fractionation at 25°C is 40.37.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    For purposes of geothermometry, Δ_quartz-illmenite = 0.95 Δ_quartz-magnetite.

    “Based on natural data, it is commonly assumed for purposes of geothermometry that Aquam-illimenite = 0.95 Aquartz.magnetite .”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. [23]23. Becker, R. H., 1971, Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in iron- formation and associated rocks from the Hamersley Range of Western Australia and their implications: Chicago Univ. Ph. D. thesis, 138 p.
  2. [30]30. ____1969a, Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope exchange in the system calcite-CO2-graphite-methane- hydrogen and water vapor: Geochim. et. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 33, p. 49-64. _1969b, Carbon isotope fractionation between graphite, diamond and carbon dioxide: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 5, p. 301-307.
  3. [47]47. Epstein, S., 1976, A revised oxygen paleotemperature scale: Geol. Soc. America Bull, (in press).
  4. [102]102. Rennow, M., 1970, Gleichgewichts-und kinetische Trennfactoren bei der verdunstung von wasser: II Physikalisches Institut der Uni- versitat Heidelberg Ph. D. thesis, 217 p.
  5. [103]103. Robinson, R., 1973, Sulfur isotopic equilibrium during sulfur hy- drolysis at high temperature: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 18, no. 3, p. 443-450.
  6. [107]107. Sharan, Y., Galas, C., Lees, E., and Zhook, V., 1974, Experimental determination of the sulfur isotope exchange equilibrium constant in the system H2S(g)-H2S(solution): National Symposium on Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 5th, Moscow, Program Pt. I, p. 31 [in Russian].
  7. [111]111. Sofer, Z., and Gat, J. R., 1972, Activities and concentrations of oxygen- 18 in concentrated aqueous salt solutions: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 15, no. 3, p. 232-238.
  8. [116]116. Suvorova, V. A., 1974, Temperature dependence of the distribution coefficient of sulfur isotopes between equilibrium sulfides: Nat- ional Symposium on Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 5th, Moscow, Program Pt. 1, p. 128 [in Russian].
  9. [121]121. Taylor, B. E., 1976, Origin and significance of C-O-H fluids in the formation of Ca-Fe-Si skarn, Osgood Mountains, Humboldt County, Nev.: Stanford Univ., Ph. D thesis.
  10. [129]129. Vogel, J. C., 1959, Isotopen trennfaktoren des Kohlenstoffs im Gleichgewichtssystem Kohlendioxyd-Bikarbonat-Karbonat: Heidelberg Univ. Ph. D. thesis, 196 p. ____1961, Isotope fractionation factors of carbon in the equilibrium system CO2-HCO~-CO=: Summer Course of Nuclear Geology, Varenna 1960, Proc., Italian Comm. Nuclear Energy, p. 216-221.
  11. [132]132. Wendt, I., Stahl, W., Geyh, M., and Fauth, F., 1966, Model experi- ments for 14C-water age determinations: Symposium on isotopes in hydrology, Internal. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 1966, Proc., p. 321-336 [1967].

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Related

Authors
Friedman, I., & O'Neil, J. R.
Venue
Professional Paper
Publisher
US Geological Survey
Published
1977
ISSN
  • 1044-9612 (ISSN-L)
  • 2330-7102
DOI
10.3133/pp440kk
OpenAlex
W1547907389
Cited by
2,646
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 82
Type
report
Language
en
Open access
Locations
USGS professional paper (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Radioactive element chemistry and processing
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Chemical Synthesis and Characterization
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
Keywords
stable isotope fractionation, isotope fractionation factors, geochemistry, cosmochemistry, Earth composition, chemical elements

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