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Invited Review: Essential Oils as Modifiers of Rumen Microbial Fermentation
Open accessAbstract
Microorganisms in the rumen degrade nutrients to produce volatile fatty acids and synthesize microbial protein as an energy and protein supply for the ruminant, respectively. However, this fermentation process has energy (losses of methane) and protein (losses of ammonia N) inefficiencies that may limit production performance and contribute to the release of pollutants to the environment. Antibiotic ionophores have been very successful in reducing these energy and protein losses in the rumen, but the use of antibiotics in animal feeds is facing reduced social acceptance, and their use has been banned in the European Union since January 2006. For this reason, scientists have become interested in evaluating other alternatives to control specific microbial populations to modulate rumen fermentation. Essential oils can interact with microbial cell membranes and inhibit the growth of some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. As a result of such inhibition, the addition of some plant extracts to the rumen results in an inhibition of deamination and methanogenesis, resulting in lower ammonia N, methane, and acetate, and in higher propionate and butyrate concentrations. Results have indicated that garlic oil, cinnamaldehyde (the main active component of cinnamon oil), eugenol (the main active component of the clove bud), capsaicin (the active component of hot peppers), and anise oil, among others, may increase propionate production, reduce acetate or methane production, and modify proteolysis, peptidolysis, or deamination in the rumen. However, the effects of some of these essential oils are pH and diet dependent, and their use may be beneficial only under specific conditions and production systems. For example, capsaicin appears to have small effects in high-forage diets, whereas the changes observed in high-concentrate diets (increases in dry matter intake and total VFA, and reduction in the acetateto-propionate ratio and ammonia N concentration) may be beneficial. Because plant extracts may act at different levels in the carbohydrate and protein degradation pathways, their careful selection and combination may provide a useful tool to manipulate rumen microbial fermentation effectively. However, additional research is required to establish the optimal dose in vivo in units of the active component, to consider the potential adaptation of microbial populations to their activities, to examine the presence of residues in the products (milk or meat), and to demonstrate improvements in animal performance.
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In the citing paper
“Owing to the excellent antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals, they are considered as a potential modulator of the rumen microbiome to alter rumen physiology (29).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“They have also shown to reduce the methanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo (29, 31, 76, 148, 149).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Despite the sustainability of functional redundancy in the rumen microbiome, plant secondary metabolites have shown significant manipulation of the rumen microflora leading to a shift in fermentation dynamics and milk production in lactating animals (29, 31, 145–147).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“This is mainly because each EO possesses a complex mixture of phytochemicals and their synergistic effects can lead to the synthesis of new compounds with a quite different bioactivity that could not be harvested with individual compounds (29, 262).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Studies have suggested the use of a combination or blend of different EO as a better strategy to modulate rumen microbiome to manipulate rumen fermentation than using individual EO.”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Essential oils have been proven to slow down starch and protein degradation, decreasing the risk of acidosis while causing minor reductions in rumen methanogenesis (Calsamiglia et al., 2007).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Calsamiglia et al., 2007
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Metadata
- Authors
- Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P. W., Castillejos, L., & Ferret, A.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Calsamiglia, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2580-2595
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062296001
- Cited by
- 1,014
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Keywords
- essential oils, rumen fermentation, plant extracts, methane mitigation, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids, propionate, acetate, deamination, garlic oil, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, capsaicin, anise oil, antibiotic alternatives, rumen degradability, ruminant nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Ammonia, Animals, Animal Feed, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Bacteria, Diet, Fermentation, Methane, Oils, Volatile, Plant Extracts, Rumen
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