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Cited by 585Agricultural Engineering and MechanizationRuminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

A simple method for the analysis of particle sizes of forage and total mixed rations

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Lammers, B.P., Buckmaster, D.R., Heinrichs, A.J.·1996·Journal of Dairy Science
DOI 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76442-1
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Abstract

A simple separator was developed to determine the particle sizes of forage and TMR that allows for easy separation of wet forage into three fractions and also allows plotting of the particle size distribution. The device was designed to mimic the laboratory-scale separator for forage particle sizes that was specified by Standard S424 of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. A comparison of results using the standard device and the newly developed separator indicated no difference in ability to predict fractions of particles with maximum length of less than 8 and 19 mm. The separator requires a small quantity of sample (1.4 L) and is manually operated. The materials on the screens and bottom pan were weighed to obtain the cumulative percentage of sample that was undersize for the two fractions. The results were then plotted using the Weibull distribution, which proved to be the best fit for the data. Convenience samples of haycrop silage, corn silage, and TMR from farms in the northeastern US were analyzed using the forage and TMR separator, and the range of observed values are given.

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Crossref · 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76442-1

Cites

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  • Due to its ease of use on-farm, the Penn State Forage and TMR Particle Separator (PSPS) is the most frequently used particle separation technique in the dairy industry.

    “Due to its ease of use on-farm, the Penn State Forage and TMR Particle Separator (PSPS; Lammers et al., 1996) is the most frequently used particle separation technique in the dairy industry.”

    From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Lammers et al., 1996

    The Abstract describes the forage and TMR separator, and the Conclusions (page unavailable) say it is easy to operate and can be used directly on farms. Our copy does not establish that it is the most frequently used technique in the dairy industry or that ease of use explains its prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 17

  1. [1]1. Allen, M. S., J. B. Robertson, and P. J. Van Soest. 1984. A comparison of particle size methodologies and statistical treat- ments. Page 39 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  2. [9]9. Mertens, D. R., T. L. Strawn, and R. S. Cardoza. 1984. Modeling ruminal particle size reduction: its relationship to particle size description. Page 134 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  3. [13]13. 14Pond, K. R., E. A. Tolley, W. C. Ellis, and J. H. Matis. 1984. A method for describing the weight distribution of particles from sieved forage. Page 123 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  4. [16]16. 17SAS@ User's Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition. 1985. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
  5. [17]17. 18Shaver, R. D. 1990. Forage particle length in dairy rations. Page 58 in Proc. Dairy Feeding Systems Symp. Northeast Reg. Agric. Eng. Service, Harrisburg, PA.
  6. [18]18. Smith, T. R., and D. E. Pritchard. 1983. An overview of recent developments in individual concentrate feeding equipment and management. Page 150 in Proc. Second Natl. Dairy Housing Conf. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
  7. [22]22. Allen, M. S., J. B. Robertson, and P. J. Van Soest. 1984. A comparison of particle size methodologies and statistical treat- ments. Page 39 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  8. [30]30. Mertens, D. R, T. L. Strawn, and R S. Cardoza. 1984, Modeling ruminal particle size reduction: its relationship to particle size description. Page 134 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  9. [33]33. Pitt, R. E. 1987. Theory of particle size distributions for chopped forages. Trans. ASAE (Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.) 30:1246.
  10. [34]34. Pond, K. R, E. A. Tolley, W. C. Ellis, and J. H. Matis. 1984. A method for describing the weight distribution of particles from sieved forage. Page 123 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  11. [36]36. Santini, F. J., A. R. Hardie, N. A. Jorgensen, and M. F. Finner. 1983. Proposed use of adjusted intake based on forage particle length for calculation of roughage indexes. J. Dairy Sci. 66:811. 17 SAS~User's Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition. 1985. SAS lnst., Inc., Cary, NC.
  12. [37]37. Shaver, R. D. 1990. Forage particle length in dairy rations. Page 58 in Proc. Dairy Feeding Systems Symp. Northeast Reg. Agric. Eng. Service, Harrisburg, PA.
  13. [38]38. Smith, T. R, and D. E. Pritchard. 1983. An overview of recent developments in individual concentrate feeding equipment and management. Page 150 in Proc. Second Nat!. Dairy Housing Conf. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
  14. [42]42. LAMMERS In Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  15. [45]45. 25Weston, R. H., and P. M. Kennedy. 1984. Various aspects of reticulorumen digestive function in relation to diet and digesta ET AL. particle size. Page 1 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analy- sis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy. ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton. AB, Canada.
  16. [48]48. LAMMERS ET AL. In Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analysis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M. Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
  17. [51]51. Weston, R. H., and P. M. Kennedy. 1984. Various aspects of reticulorumen digestive function in relation to diet and digesta Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 79, No.5, 1996 particle size. Page 1 in Proc. Techniques in Particle Size Analy- sis of Feed and Digesta in Ruminants. P. M Kennedy, ed. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci., Edmonton, AB, Canada.

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Authors
Lammers, B. P., Buckmaster, D. R., & Heinrichs, A. J.
Affiliations
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher
American Dairy Science Association
Published
1996-05
Volume
79
Issue
5
Pages
922-928
ISSN
0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76442-1
OpenAlex
W2152106564
Semantic Scholar
8547f98d71e38038e218a05ccc67cd253dfed83c
Cited by
582
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 28
FWCI
7.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords
forage particle size, total mixed ration, particle size distribution, Weibull distribution, corn silage, dairy cattle nutrition, particle size fractions
MeSH terms
Animals, Animal Feed, Cattle, Zea mays, Dairying, Female, Particle Size, Silage

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