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The Effect of Preservatives Based on Propionic Acid on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage and a Total Mixed Ration
Open accessAbstract
For 3 successive yr, whole-plant corn was ensiled in laboratory silos with low percentages of silage preservatives, the primary active ingredient of which was propionic acid. Preservatives were added to forage just prior to ensiling at rates of 0.1 to 0.2% of the fresh forage weight. In all 3 yr, treatments had minor effects on fermentation end products, except that the concentration of propionic acid was greater because of its addition. The mean low and high percentages of preservatives increased aerobic stability of the treated silages by 19 and 57 h, respectively, in Experiment 1 and by 17 and 38 h, respectively, in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, aerobic stability was improved by > 90 h by preservatives (0.2% addition). In a lactation study, a total mixed ration (46% dry matter) was mixed without or with (0.2 or 0.3%) a stabilizer that was designed to prevent spoilage in the feed bunk. The high dose resulted in orts with a lower pH and temperature after 24 h in the feed bunk. However, dry matter intake and milk production were unaffected by treatments. Chemical preservatives based on propionic acid added at low rates did not affect fermentation but were effective in the reduction of heating in corn silage and in a total mixed ration.
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“In addition to the direct economic loss of DM and nutrients, spoiling or spoiled silage can also cause indirect losses, due to the lower nutritive value, reduced palatability, and the risk of negative effects on animal performance and health (Kung et al., 1998).”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In a previous study from our lab (11), similar amounts of SM (0.1%) improved the aerobic stability of corn silage from 12 to 24 h depending on the experiment.”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In general, the chemical and microbiological composition of the untreated silage was within the expected range (11,12).”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
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In the citing paper
“For example, applying propionic acid-based additives have enhanced the aerobic stability of corn silage (11).”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Increases in ammonia-N because of treatment with buffered propionic acid are a common finding (Kung et al., 1998) because ammonia is usually the principal buffering agent.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“In a previous study (Kung et al., 1998), silages treated with buffered propionic acid-based preservatives had final concentrations of propionic acid that were similar to initial applied concentrations.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The direct method of adding propionic acid to silages has resulted in more consistent improvements in aerobic stability (Kung et al., 1998(Kung et al., , 2000)), but the effects of adding this acid to forage that is or has been exposed to excessive amounts of air before ensiling has not been well studied.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“In previous studies, treatment with low levels of buffered propionic acid additives have consistently improved the aerobic stability of silages ensiled in laboratory silos (Kung et al., 1998;Kung et al., 2000).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
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Citations
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“:P ratio increases, it tends toward an acetic acid fermentation pattern [33].”
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“Yeasts are mainly responsible for spoilage during feed-out phase, consuming lactic acid, raising the pH, thus creating an enabling environment for other spoilage microorganisms (Kung et al., 1998; Wilkinson & Davies, 2013).”
BackgroundFurlan, A. C., Scapinello, C., Moreira, I., & Martins, E. N. (2006) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982006000300020 · Cited by 4
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“Propionic acid is a short chain fatty acid with antimicrobial effects against yeasts and molds,([4]) and is used during silage preparation to improve stability, reducing heating and spoilage of silage in the feed bunk.([5,6]) Medium chain fatty”
BackgroundEffect of addition of sodium dehydroacetate on the fermentation of blue-grass silage
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“In agreement with our fi ndings, the use of low dose of chemical additive in some studies failed to inhibit the growth of yeasts and to improve silage quality (Kung et al., 1998, 2000; Kleinschmit et al., 2005).”
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“사료의 부패(Spoilage)는 독성물질과 암모니아, 황화수소 등 유해물질을 생성하면서 유기물질의 변화를 초래하는 과정 으로 정의할 수 있다[4, 24].”
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“It was reported that the addition of propionic acid or formic acid to crop silages alone prior to ensiling improved the fermentation and aerobic stability (Kung et al., 1998, 2003).”
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“The losing percentage could rise to 70 % of the stored DM in the peripheral areas and near the sidewalls of the bunkers and are related to the depletion of the digestible carbohydrate and organic acid fractions [45], and silage that has spoiled because of exposure to air is undesirable, due to the lower nutritive valu…”
BackgroundSüt sığırlarında silaj fermantasyon son ürünlerinin yem tüketimi ve süt verimi üzerine etkisi
Kahraman, O., İnanç, Z. S., ŞİŞMAN, D., & DEMİRCİ, E. (2024) · Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi · doi:10.33188/vetheder.1284911 · Cited by 1
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“Kung et al. (1998) estimated that values lower than 6.0 log CFU g-1 for yeasts are necessary for enhancing the aerobic stability of silage.”
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Gerlach, K. (2013) · bonndoc (University of Bonn) · Cited by 1
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Effect of Adding Two Types of Sodium Acetate Compounds on Corn Silage Quality and Aerobic Stability
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Seosrehu pilaantuu nopeasti jos vanhaa seosta jää mukaan
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“In addition to lower nutritional value, they may result in lower voluntary intake, complete refuse of feed and negative effects on animal performance (McDonald et al., 1991; Kung Jr. et al., 1998).”
Şerbetçi Otunun (Humulus lupulus L.) Silaj Verimi ve Kalitesi
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Effects of harvest date and additives on maize silage quality under boreal conditions
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“…additives P45B14 and B22S12 on silage fermentation characteristics were not as clear when compared with CON, as the mode of action of their active ingredients propionic acid, benzoic acid and sorbic acid is more directed to controlling aerobic stability (Kung et al. 1998, Muck et al. 2018).”
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“Yeast counts in the silages were higher than 5 log CFU g-1, indicating a high susceptibility to aerobic deterioration (Kung et al., 1998).”
Pupo, M. R., Diepersloot, E. C., Wenzel, M. P. R., & Ferraretto, L. F. (2025) · JDS Communications · doi:10.3168/jdsc.2025-0888
“Likewise, Kung et al. (1998) observed a negative relationship between yeast counts and aerobic stability, especially in corn-based crops.”
Filho, A. P., Cesar, P. V. P., da Costa, L., Kalinovski, V., Gomes, R. R., Mokochinski, N. S., Kok, B. C., Abreu, J. A. D. D. C., Ornaghi, M. G., & Neumann, M. (2025) · Semina Ciências Agrárias · doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2025v46n6p1747
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“Issatchenkia is a lactate-assimilating yeast that primarily utilizes LA (78, 79).”
Garcia, L., Cardoso, F. F., & Cardoso, F. C. (2026) · JDS Communications · doi:10.3168/jdsc.2025-0978
“Tools to identify such spoilage through changes in feed characteristics include monitoring temperature, pH, and yeast counts (Kung et al., 1998).”
Arthur, B. A. V., Salvati, G. G. S., dos Santos, W. P., Nazato, L. M., Oliveira, K. D. S., dos Reis, R. H. P., de Morais, G., Neto, A. P. D. B., Neto, Á. B. D. S., Lobo, A. A. G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A · doi:10.17265/2161-6256/2026.01.004
“The absence of compositional changes agrees with previous findings demonstrating that organic-acid-based additives generally influence fermentation pathways rather than nutrient concentration [5].”
InfluentialZhang, T., Yi, H., Jiang, Q., & Zhang, T. (2026) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2026.2687938
Miyazaki, M. K. (2008) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Metadata
- Authors
- Kung, L., Sheperd, A. C., Smagala, A. M., Endres, K. M., Bessett, C. A., Ranjit, N. K., & Glancey, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- ORCID
- Kung, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1322-1330
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090363281
- Semantic Scholar
- 6cc338252cffd4566b4f505e602e2c63f4021c5f
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cargill
- University of Delaware
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
- Keywords
- propionic acid, silage preservatives, corn silage, aerobic stability, silage fermentation, total mixed ration, dairy cattle, dry matter intake, milk production
- MeSH terms
- Aerobiosis, Animals, Cattle, Zea mays, Eating, Female, Fermentation, Food Preservatives, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lactation, Propionates, Silage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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