The effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration
Open accessAbstract
For 3 successive yr, whole-plant corn was ensiled in laboratory silos with low percentages of silage preservatives, the primary active ingredient of which was propionic acid. Preservatives were added to forage just prior to ensiling at rates of 0.1 to 0.2% of the fresh forage weight. In all 3 yr, treatments had minor effects on fermentation end products, except that the concentration of propionic acid was greater because of its addition. The mean low and high percentages of preservatives increased aerobic stability of the treated silages by 19 and 57 h, respectively, in Experiment 1 and by 17 and 38 h, respectively, in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, aerobic stability was improved by > 90 h by preservatives (0.2% addition). In a lactation study, a total mixed ration (46% dry matter) was mixed without or with (0.2 or 0.3%) a stabilizer that was designed to prevent spoilage in the feed bunk. The high dose resulted in orts with a lower pH and temperature after 24 h in the feed bunk. However, dry matter intake and milk production were unaffected by treatments. Chemical preservatives based on propionic acid added at low rates did not affect fermentation but were effective in the reduction of heating in corn silage and in a total mixed ration.
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Spoiling or spoiled silage can cause indirect losses due to lower nutritive value, reduced palatability, and risk of negative effects on animal performance and health.
“In addition to the direct economic loss of DM and nutrients, spoiling or spoiled silage can also cause indirect losses, due to the lower nutritive value, reduced palatability, and the risk of negative effects on animal performance and health (Kung et al., 1998).”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
The Introduction (page not available) says spoiled silage loses nutrients and may negatively affect animal performance; the Conclusions also identify reduced performance as a reason to prevent spoilage. The Discussion reports lower feed intake in sheep fed spoiled silage, which is consistent with reduced acceptability, but the paper does not establish reduced palatability or risks to animal health. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a previous study from the authors' laboratory, similar amounts of Storage-Mate (0.1%) improved the aerobic stability of corn silage from 12 to 24 h depending on the experiment.
“In a previous study from our lab (11), similar amounts of SM (0.1%) improved the aerobic stability of corn silage from 12 to 24 h depending on the experiment.”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
Table 7 shows that 0.1% Storage-Mate II-liquid increased aerobic stability by 15 h in Experiment 1 and 12 h in Experiment 2; the dry formulation increased it by 24 h in Experiment 2. But 0.1% Storage-Mate II-dry reduced stability from 65 to 52 h in Experiment 1, so the claim that 0.1% Storage-Mate improved stability across experiments omits a contrary result. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn general, the chemical and microbiological composition of the untreated silage was within the expected range.
“In general, the chemical and microbiological composition of the untreated silage was within the expected range (11,12).”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
The Silage Composition section (page unavailable) says the pH of the silages, including the untreated control, was typical of normal corn silage. Tables 4–7 report chemical measurements and yeast counts for the controls, but the paper does not establish that their overall chemical and microbiological composition was within an expected range. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredApplying propionic acid-based additives has enhanced the aerobic stability of corn silage.
“For example, applying propionic acid-based additives have enhanced the aerobic stability of corn silage (11).”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
Increases in ammonia-N due to treatment with buffered propionic acid are a common finding.
“Increases in ammonia-N because of treatment with buffered propionic acid are a common finding (Kung et al., 1998) because ammonia is usually the principal buffering agent.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
In a previous study, silages treated with buffered propionic acid-based preservatives had final propionic acid concentrations similar to initial applied concentrations.
“In a previous study (Kung et al., 1998), silages treated with buffered propionic acid-based preservatives had final concentrations of propionic acid that were similar to initial applied concentrations.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
Direct addition of propionic acid to silages has resulted in more consistent improvements in aerobic stability than biological approaches.
“The direct method of adding propionic acid to silages has resulted in more consistent improvements in aerobic stability (Kung et al., 1998(Kung et al., , 2000)), but the effects of adding this acid to forage that is or has been exposed to excessive amounts of air before ensiling has not been well studied.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
Previous studies found that low levels of buffered propionic acid additives consistently improved aerobic stability of laboratory silages.
“In previous studies, treatment with low levels of buffered propionic acid additives have consistently improved the aerobic stability of silages ensiled in laboratory silos (Kung et al., 1998;Kung et al., 2000).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
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“However, previous studies (Kung et al., 1998, 2000) revealed minimal effects on end products of silage fermentation when corn silage was treated with propionic acid-based additives, despite the enhancement in aerobic stability.”
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“…has spoiled because of exposure to air is undesirable, due to the lower nutritive value and to the risk of negative effects on animal performance (Kung et al., 1998), which are also connected to the proliferation of potentially pathogenic or otherwise undesirable microorganisms (Lindgren et…”
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“Buffered propionic acid additives have decreased the number of yeasts and improved aerobic stability in past studies (Kung et al., 1998; Kung and Ranjit, 2001), and the reason for a lack of a response in the current study is unknown.”
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“Similarly, in 3 separate experiments, addition of propionic acidbased products to corn silages at 0.2% of fresh weight improved the aerobic stability of the silages (Kung et al., 1998).”
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“Using these equations, the aerobic stability of the current experiments was projected to be 0 when numbers of yeasts were about 6.61 log10 cfu/g compared with 6.9 log10 cfu/g in the experiments by Kung et al. (1998).”
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“In recent studies, additions of low levels of buffered propionic acid-based preservatives (0.1 to 0.2%, wt/wt) similar to those used in the current study improved the aerobic stability of corn silages ( Kung et al., 1998, 2000 ).”
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Cueva, S. F., Stefenoni, H., Audino Melgar, M., Räisänen, S. E., Lage, C. F. A., Wasson, D. E., Fetter, M. E., Pelaez, A. M., Roth, G. W., & Hristov, A. N. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-20251 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Environment-friendly short-term protection of palm wood against mould and rot fungi
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“It is used since decades in feed preservation and is registered in the USA as a fungicide and bactericide for indoor and limited outdoor use to control fungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, corn silage, etc. (Kung et al. 1998, Haque et al. 2009).”
BackgroundBorreani, G., Bernardes, T. F., & Tabacco, E. (2008) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982008001300009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Effects of biological and chemical additives on fermentation progress in maize silage
Tyrolová, Y., Bartoň, L., & Loucka, R. (2017) · Czech Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.17221/67/2016-cjas · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Because of its high antimycotic activity, propionic acid usually constitutes the greatest percentage of those active ingredients used in commercial products today (Kung et al. 1998; Mills and Kung 2002).”
BackgroundTempo de armazenamento e manejo do painel no valor nutritivo de silagens de milho
Junges, D. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.11.2014.tde-11112014-135306 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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“For example, ruminant animals may be affected by reduced palatability or have impaired performance and health (Kung et al., 1998).”
Muck, R. E., Kung, L., & Collins, M. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119436669.ch42 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWeiß, K., Kroschewski, B., & Auerbach, H. U. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation8020048 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yi, Q., Wang, P., Tang, H., Yu, M., Zhao, T., Sheng, Z., & Luo, H. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13050920 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Aerobic stability was determined based on the time required for the silage temperature to be 2 ◦C higher than the ambient temperature [18].”
MethodInfluence of buffered propionic acid on the development of micro‐organisms in hay
Reboux, G., Dalphin, J., Polio, J. C., Millon, L., Baverel, J., Martinez, J., Girard, L., & Piarroux, R. (2002) · Mycoses · doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2002.00754.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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“The time required for a 2 ◦ C difference between the silage and ambient temperatures was used to assess the aerobic stability of the silage [19].”
MethodNejad, J. G., Kim, B.-W., Lee, B. H., Kim, J. Y., & Sung, K. (2017) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.16.0705 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Higher moisture TMR is hypothesized to be associated with being more prone to spoilage due to increased temperature of the TMR during periods of increased environmental temperature [24,25].”
BackgroundSilage for Climate Resilient Small Ruminant Production
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“Substantial improvement in silage aerobic stability treated with propionic acid based additives was also reported (Kung et al., 1998; Kung et al., 2000).”
de Oliveira, E. R., Takiya, C. S., Valle, T. A. D., Rennó, F. P., de Góes, R. H. D. T. E. B., Leite, R. S. R., de Oliveira, K. M. P., Batista, J. D. O., Araki, H. M. C., Damiani, J., et al. (2019) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.03.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“It has been proven that propionic acid and acetic acid can effectively restrict the growth and activity of undesirable microorganisms, thus improving the aerobic stability of silage (Kung et al. 1998; Danner et al. 2003).”
BackgroundFranco, M., & Rinne, M. (2023) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation9070640 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In order to guarantee the appropriate aerobic stability of silages when exposed to air, both yeast and mould counts should be below 106 [4,40], which was achieved in the current study.”
BackgroundIntake and Digestibility of Silages
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Evaluation of salting as a hay preservative against farmer's lung disease agents.
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“Maize silage is particularly susceptible to aerobic deterioration when it is exposed to oxygen in the silo or in the feed bunk (Ashbell and Weinberg 1992, Kung et al. 1998).”
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Potential of Baled Silage to Preserve White Grape Pomace for Ruminant Feeding
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“For example, applying heterofermentative lactobacilli ( L. Buchneri , L. fermentum, etc.) and propionic acid-based additives have enhanced the aerobic stability of silage [23].”
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Bale Ensiling Preserves Nutritional Composition and Phenolic Compounds of Red Grape Pomace
Romero, G., Nieddu, L., Mouhssine, A., Nowicka, P., Bueso–Ródenas, J., Fernández, N., & Díaz, J. R. (2025) · AgriEngineering · doi:10.3390/agriengineering7060172 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Uso de inoculante bacteriano e melaço na ensilagem de capim-Elefante
Bernardes, T. F., de Souza, N. S. D. S., da Silva, J. S. L. P., Santos, I. A. P., Faturi, C., & Domingues, F. N. (2013) · Revista de Ciências Agrarias - Amazon Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.4322/rca.2013.026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Foi avaliado o tempo necessário para a massa alcançar 2 °C acima da temperatura ambiente (KUNG et al., 1998).”
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The present situation and prospect of the processing technology of forage grass in China
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“Aerobic stability was defined as time required to raise silage temperature by 2 ◦ C above ambient temperature (38).”
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- Authors
- Kung, L., Sheperd, A. C., Smagala, A. M., Endres, K. M., Bessett, C. A., Ranjit, N. K., & Glancey, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- ORCID
- Kung, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1322-1330
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090363281
- Semantic Scholar
- 6cc338252cffd4566b4f505e602e2c63f4021c5f
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cargill
- University of Delaware
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
- Keywords
- propionic acid, silage preservatives, corn silage, aerobic stability, silage fermentation, total mixed ration, dairy cattle, dry matter intake, milk production
- MeSH terms
- Aerobiosis, Animals, Cattle, Zea mays, Eating, Female, Fermentation, Food Preservatives, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lactation, Propionates, Silage
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