The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage
Open accessAbstract
Several microorganisms and one chemical preservative were tested for their effects on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Whole-plant corn (one-half milk line, 31.3% dry matter) was ensiled in quadruplicate 20-L laboratory silos untreated or after the following treatments: Lactobacillus buchneri at 1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of fresh forage; two different strains of L. plantarum, each at 1 x 10(6) cfu/g; and a buffered propionic acid-based product at 0.1% of fresh forage weight. After 100 d of ensiling, silage treated with L. buchneri (1 x 10(6) cfu/g) had a lower concentration of lactic acid compared with the untreated silage, but was similar to other treated silages. The silage treated with the high (1 x 10(6) cfu/g), but not the moderate rate (1 x 10(5) cfu/g) of L. buchneri also had a greater concentration of acetic acid (3.60%) and less yeasts (2.01 log cfu/g) when compared with other treatments (average of 1.88% acetic acid and 5.85 log cfu of yeasts/g). Silages treated with L. plantarums, the moderate rate of L. buchneri, and the chemical preservative took longer to heat than untreated silage when exposed to air, but improvements were numerically small (6.3 to 10.5 h). In contrast, silage treated with the high rate of L. buchneri never heated throughout a 900-h period of monitoring. Inoculating corn silage with 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of L. buchneri resulted in a more heterolactic fermentation and dramatically improved the aerobic stability of corn silage.
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Claims the paper makes
3 of 24 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Applying propionic acid-based additives has enhanced the aerobic stability of corn silage.
“For example, applying propionic acid-based additives have enhanced the aerobic stability of corn silage (11).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Kung, 1998, The effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration, J. Dairy Sci. source
- Premisecitation
In a previous study from the authors' laboratory, similar amounts of Storage-Mate (0.1%) improved the aerobic stability of corn silage from 12 to 24 h depending on the experiment.
“In a previous study from our lab (11), similar amounts of SM (0.1%) improved the aerobic stability of corn silage from 12 to 24 h depending on the experiment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Kung, 1998, The effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration, J. Dairy Sci. source
Table 7 shows that 0.1% Storage-Mate II-liquid increased aerobic stability by 15 h in Experiment 1 and 12 h in Experiment 2; the dry formulation increased it by 24 h in Experiment 2. But 0.1% Storage-Mate II-dry reduced stability from 65 to 52 h in Experiment 1, so the claim that 0.1% Storage-Mate improved stability across experiments omits a contrary result. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
After 100 d of ensiling, silage treated with Lactobacillus buchneri at 1 × 10^6 cfu/g had a lower concentration of lactic acid than untreated silage.
“After 100 d of ensiling, silage treated with L. buchneri (1 × 10 6 cfu/g) had a lower concentration of lactic acid compared with the untreated silage, but was similar to other treated silages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Silage treated with the high rate of L. buchneri never heated throughout a 900-h period of monitoring.
“In contrast, silage treated with the high rate of L. buchneri never heated throughout a 900-h period of monitoring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Silage treated with the high rate of L. buchneri (1 × 10^6 cfu/g) had a greater concentration of acetic acid (3.60%) than other treatments (average 1.88%).
“The silage treated with the high (1 × 10 6 cfu/g), but not the moderate rate (1 × 10 5 cfu/g) of L. buchneri also had a greater concentration of acetic acid (3.60%) and less yeasts (2.01 log cfu/g) when compared with other treatments (average of 1.88% acetic acid and 5.85 log cfu of yeasts/g).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Silage treated with the high rate of L. buchneri (1 × 10^6 cfu/g) had fewer yeasts (2.01 log cfu/g) than other treatments (average 5.85 log cfu/g).
“The silage treated with the high (1 × 10 6 cfu/g), but not the moderate rate (1 × 10 5 cfu/g) of L. buchneri also had a greater concentration of acetic acid (3.60%) and less yeasts (2.01 log cfu/g) when compared with other treatments (average of 1.88% acetic acid and 5.85 log cfu of yeasts/g).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Silage treated with LB10, but not LB, had markedly increased (P < 0.05) acetic acid (3.60%).
“However, silage treated with LB10, but not LB, had markedly increased (P < 0.05) acetic acid (3.60%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Yeasts were reduced dramatically (P < 0.05) in the silage inoculated with LB10 (2.01 log10 cfu/g) compared with the untreated silage (6.05 log10 cfu/g).
“Yeasts were reduced dramatically (P < 0.05) in the silage inoculated with LB10 (2.01 log 10 cfu/g) compared with the untreated silage (6.05 log 10 cfu/g) (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Silage treated with the moderate rate of Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) did not begin to heat until 10 h after untreated silage.
“The silage treated with the moderate rate of L. buchneri (LB) did not begin to heat until 10 h after the untreated silage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Silages treated with the high rate of L. buchneri (LB10) and propionic acid-based preservative (SM) had lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of total lactate than did untreated silage.
“Silages treated with the high rate of L. buchneri (LB10) and propionic acid-based preservative (SM) had lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of total lactate than did untreated silage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The numbers of yeast in silage treated with LB10 increased from about 10^2 cfu/g at opening to about 10^6 cfu/g after 6 d of sampling.
“In contrast, the numbers of yeast in silage treated with LB10 increased from about 10 2 cfu/g at opening to about 10 6 cfu/g after 6 d of sampling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The concentration of acetic acid in silage treated with LB10 increased from 3.60 to 5.64% of DM after 1.5 d of exposure to air.
“The concentration of acetic acid in silage treated with LB10 increased from 3.60 to 5.64% of DM after 1.5 d of exposure to air.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The pH of all silages began to increase after 1.5 d of aerobic exposure, with the exception of the silage treated with LB10.
“The pH of all silages began to increase after 1.5 d of aerobic exposure, with the exception of the silage treated with LB10.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
By 6 d of exposure, lactate concentrations had decreased by about 30% from initial values.
“By 6 d of exposure, lactate concentrations had decreased by about 30% from initial values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
With the exception of silage treated with LB10, the numbers of yeasts increased from about 10^6 to > 10^8 cfu/g of silage within 1.5 d.
“With the exception of silage treated with LB10, the numbers of yeasts increased from about 10 6 to > 10 8 cfu/g of silage within 1.5 d.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The improvement in aerobic stability with Storage-Mate was far less than that achieved with the high rate of Lactobacillus buchneri.
“However, the improvement in aerobic stability was far less than that achieved with the high rate of L. buchneri.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum tended to increase the L-isomer compared with untreated silage.
“In our study, inoculation with L. plantarum tended to increase the L-iso- mer compared with the untreated silage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Numbers of yeasts were numerically lower in these silages (average of 5.71 log10 cfu/g) than in untreated silage (6.05 log10 cfu/g).
“Numbers of yeasts were numerically lower in these silages (average of 5.71 log 10 cfu/g) than in untreated silage (6.05 log 10 cfu/g) but this reduction could not be explained by the chemical profiles of the silages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Silage treated with LB10 retained greater (P < 0.05) amounts of lactate (6.40% of DM) than silages treated with LP5 (3.54%) or untreated silage (2.97%) by 2 d of aerobic exposure.
“The silage treated with LB10 also retained greater (P < 0.05) amounts of lactate (6.40% of DM) as compared with the silages treated with LP5 (3.54%) or untreated silage (2.97%) by 2 d of aerobic exposure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Treating silage with LB10 markedly increased the stability to more than 38 d (912 h) of extended monitoring.
“However, treating silage with LB10 markedly increased the stability to more than 38 d (912 h) of extended monitoring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The pH of the fresh forages treated with LB10, LP4, and SM was greater (P < 0.05) than the untreated forage.
“The pH of the forages treated with LB10, LP4, and SM was greater (P < 0.05) than the untreated forage although pH did not differ among the treated forages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Other treatments did not affect the numbers of yeast in silage.
“However, other treatments did not affect the numbers of yeast in silage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the current study, all silages had Flieg's scores greater than 97, with the exception of silage treated with LB10.
“In the current study, all silages had scores greater than 97, with the exception of silage treated with LB10.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At the end of 3 d of aerobic exposure, dry matter losses in most treatments were numerically larger than in silage treated with LB10.
“At the end of 3 d of aerobic exposure, DM losses in most of the treatments were numerically larger than that in the silage treated with LB10.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The untreated corn silage did not deteriorate until 26.5 h of aerobic exposure.
“The untreated corn silage did not deteriorate until 26.5 h of aerobic exposure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Acetic acid concentration changes were observed only from the high rate (1 × 10^6 cfu/g) and not the moderate rate (1 × 10^5 cfu/g) of Lactobacillus buchneri.
“In contrast, we did not observe either of these phenomena and we observed changes in acetic acid concentrations only from the high (1 × 10 6 cfu/g), and not the moderate (1 × 10 5 cfu/g), rate of L. buchneri.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The silage treated with LB10 maintained a stable and low pH throughout the 6-d period of sampling.
“The silage treated with LB10 maintained a stable and low pH throughout the 6-d period of sampling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
In the remaining silages that spoiled between 26 and 37 h, acetate concentrations rapidly decreased between 1.5 and 3 d of exposure to air.
“In the remaining silages that spoiled between 26 to 37 h, concentrations of acetate rapidly decreased between 1.5 and 3 d of exposure to air.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
By d 3, the pH of the untreated silage and the silages treated with both strains of L. plantarum (LP4 and LP5) were higher (P < 0.05) than the silages treated with LB or SM.
“By d 3, the pH of the untreated silage and the silages treated with both strains of L. plantarum (LP4 and LP5) were higher (P < 0.05) than the silages treated with LB or SM.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After 5 d of exposure to air, yeasts in silage treated with LB10 had increased to numbers approaching the initial yeast numbers in the other silages (about log10 5.5 cfu/g).
“After 5 d of exposure to air, yeasts in silage treated with LB10 had increased to numbers that approached initial numbers of yeasts in the other silages (about log 10 5.5 cfu/g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the current experiment, the ratio of L-lactate to D-lactate in corn silage was about one.
“In the current experiment, the ratio of L-lactate to D-lactate was about one and is in agreement with values published by Ataku et al. (2) who found 55% of the lactate in corn silage to be the D-isomer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Other indicators of a more homolactic fermentation such as reduced ammonia-N concentration and less residual WSC were also unaffected by the two strains of L. plantarum.
“Other indicators of a more homolactic fermentation such as reduced ammonia-N concentration and less residual WSC were also unaffected by the two strains of L. plantarum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The lactate:acetate ratio was decreased (P < 0.05) in silages treated with LB10 (1.78:1), LP4 (3.43:1), and SM (3.25:1) when compared with untreated silage.
“The lactate:acetate ratio was de- Means in columns with unlike superscript differ (P < 0.05).3 Ammonia-N.Water-soluble carbohydrates.creased (P < 0.05) in silages treated with LB10 (1.78:1), LP4 (3.43:1), and SM (3.25:1) when compared with untreated silage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The moderate rate of Lactobacillus buchneri inoculation (1 × 10^5 cfu/g of forage) had no effect on the volatile fatty acid profiles of corn silage.
“The moderate rate of inoculation had no effect on the VFA profiles of corn silage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The concentrations of acetate in the silage treated with LB10 increased numerically from 3.60% of DM at the time of opening the silos to as much as 5.64% after 1.5 d of aerobic exposure.
“In contrast to other treatments, the concentrations of acetate in the silage treated with LB10 increased numerically from 3.60% of DM at the time of opening the silos to as much as 5.64% after 1.5 d of aerobic exposure (Table 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Inoculating corn silage with 1 × 10^6 cfu/g of L. buchneri resulted in a more heterolactic fermentation.
“Inoculating corn silage with 1 × 10 6 cfu/ g of L. buchneri resulted in a more heterolactic fermentation and dramatically improved the aerobic stability of corn silage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Inoculating corn silage with 1 × 10^6 cfu/g of L. buchneri dramatically improved the aerobic stability of corn silage.
“Inoculating corn silage with 1 × 10 6 cfu/ g of L. buchneri resulted in a more heterolactic fermentation and dramatically improved the aerobic stability of corn silage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Lactate-assimilating yeasts such as Saccharomyces, Candida, Cryptococcus, and Pichia are the primary cause of aerobic deterioration in silages.
“Lactate-assimilating yeast such as Saccharomyces, Candida, Cryptococcus, and Pichia have been implicated as the primary cause of aerobic deterioration in silages (3,8)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Barry, 1980, Some observations on aerobic deterioration in untreated silages and in silages made with formaldehyde-containing additives, J. Sci. Food Agric. source
- cites [8] Jonsson, 1984, Systematic classification and biochemical characterization of yeasts growing in grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus cultures, Anim. Res. Dev.
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
The reason for the delayed heating with the moderate rate of Lactobacillus buchneri could not be attributed to changes in chemical composition of the silage conferred by the inoculant.
“The reason for this finding could not be attributed to any changes in chemical composition of the silage conferred by the inoculant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The frequently sampled silages would not directly represent the situation from the first set of silos because of the frequent aeration of the silage masses.
“We were aware that these samples would not directly represent the situation from the first set of silos because of the frequent aeration of the silage masses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premiseown data
In previous studies, inoculation of corn silage with a number of different strains of L. buchneri at 1 × 10^5 cfu/g of fresh forage was ineffective in improving aerobic stability.
“However, in our previous studies (N.K. Ranjit and L. Kung, Jr., 1996, 1997, unpublished data), the inoculation of corn silage with a number of different strains of L. buchneri at 1 × 10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage was ineffective in improving aerobic stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.K. Ranjit and L. Kung, Jr., 1996, 1997, unpublished data
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Homofermentative LAB such as Lactobacillus plantarum can produce a silage that is unstable when exposed to air because the production of antifungal compounds (such as acetic acid) is reduced.
“However, homofermentative LAB such as Lactobacillus plantarum can produce a silage that is unstable when exposed to air (10,22,28) because the production of antifungal compounds (such as acetic acid) is reduced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] Kung, 1991, Effect of a microbial inoculant and/or glycopeptide antibiotic on fermentation and aerobic stability of wilted alfalfa silage, Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. source
- cites [22] Rust, 1989, Effects of a microbial inoculant on fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of corn silage, J. Prod. Agric. source
- cites [28] Weinberg, 1993, The effect of applying lactic acid bacteria on the aerobic stability of silages, J. Appl. Bacteriol. source
- Interpretationown data
These observations suggested that aerobic spoilage had begun.
“These observations suggested that aerobic spoilage had begun.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Readily available nutrients such as lactate and residual water-soluble carbohydrates disappeared rapidly as a result of the proliferation of yeasts.
“Readily available nutrients such as lactate and residual WSC disappeared rapidly as a result of the proliferation of yeasts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These results suggest that these strains of bacteria were not sufficiently robust to dominate the fermentation by epiphytic lactobacilli that numbered more than 7.5 log10 cfu/g of forage at the time of ensiling.
“These results suggest that these strains of bacteria were not sufficiently robust to dominate the fermentation by epiphytic lactobacilli that numbered more than 7.5 log 10 cfu/g of forage at the time of ensiling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The mechanism of action for improved aerobic stability in these silages was not apparent.
“The mechanism of action for improved aerobic stability in these silages was not apparent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
High acetate concentrations resulted in substantial improvements in the aerobic stability of corn silage.
“These high concentrations of acetate resulted in substantial improvements in the aerobic stability of silage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Lactic acid by itself is not an effective antimycotic agent.
“Secondly, lactic acid by itself is not an effective antimycotic agent (16,30).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [16] Moon, 1983, Inhibition of the growth of acid tolerant yeasts by acetate, lactate and propionate, and their synergistic mixture, J. Appl. Bacteriol. source
- cites [30] Woolford, 1975, Microbiological screening of the straight chain fatty acids (C1-C12) as potential silage additives, J. Sci. Food Agric. source
- Premisecitation
Inoculating silages with homofermentative LAB such as L. plantarum has not always resulted in silage with good aerobic stability.
“However, inoculating silages with homofermentative LAB such as L. plantarum has not always resulted in silage with good aerobic stability (10,23).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10] Kung, 1991, Effect of a microbial inoculant and/or glycopeptide antibiotic on fermentation and aerobic stability of wilted alfalfa silage, Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. source
- cites [23] Sanderson, 1993, Aerobic stability and in vitro fiber digestibility of microbially inoculated corn and sorghum silages, J. Anim. Sci. source
- Interpretationown data
The reduction in yeast numbers in LP4/LP5 silages could not be explained by the chemical profiles of the silages.
“Numbers of yeasts were numerically lower in these silages (average of 5.71 log 10 cfu/g) than in untreated silage (6.05 log 10 cfu/g) but this reduction could not be explained by the chemical profiles of the silages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Lactobacillus buchneri shows promise as a silage additive that can improve the aerobic stability of corn silage.
“Lactobacillus buchneri shows promise as a silage additive that can improve the aerobic stability of corn silage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Silages are often exposed to air for prolonged periods, and such exposure can lead to spoilage.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
- May combine two claims. 25
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn general, the chemical and microbiological composition of the untreated silage was within the expected range.
“In general, the chemical and microbiological composition of the untreated silage was within the expected range (11,12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Kung, 1998, The effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration, J. Dairy Sci. source
The Silage Composition section (page unavailable) says the pH of the silages, including the untreated control, was typical of normal corn silage. Tables 4–7 report chemical measurements and yeast counts for the controls, but the paper does not establish that their overall chemical and microbiological composition was within an expected range. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Mahanna, 1997, Troubleshooting silage problems with “Seed to feed” considerations
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSilages treated with L. plantarum strains, the moderate rate of L. buchneri, and the chemical preservative took longer to heat than untreated silage when exposed to air, but improvements were numerically small (6.3 to 10.5 h).
“Silages treated with L. plantarums, the moderate rate of L. buchneri, and the chemical preservative took longer to heat than untreated silage when exposed to air, but improvements were numerically small (6.3 to 10.5 h).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe authors did not observe a reduction in lactic acid concentration or an increase in propionic acid concentration in silages treated with Lactobacillus buchneri.
“In contrast, we did not observe either of these phenomena and we observed changes in acetic acid concentrations only from the high (1 × 10 6 cfu/g), and not the moderate (1 × 10 5 cfu/g), rate of L. buchneri.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the current study, Storage-Mate improved the aerobic stability of corn silage by 10.5 h and was consistent with previous findings.
“In the current study, SM improved the aerobic stability of corn silage by 10.5 h and was consistent with previous findings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCompared with the untreated silage, aerobic stability was improved (P < 0.05) in all the treated silages but some of the actual differences were small, while some were dramatic.
“Compared with the untreated silage, aerobic stability was improved (P < 0.05) in all the treated silages but some of the actual differences were small, while some were dramatic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor frequently sampled silages, dry matter losses after 2 d of aerobic exposure in the remainder of the treatments were 2.7 to 4.0 percentage units greater than in silage treated with LB10, but these differences were not statistically significant.
“For silages that were frequently sampled, the DM losses after 2 d of aerobic exposure in the remainder of the treatments were 2.7 to 4.0 percentage units greater compared with the silage treated with LB10, but these differences were statistically not significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe high rate of Lactobacillus buchneri inoculation (1 × 10^6 cfu/g of forage) dramatically decreased yeast numbers and doubled the acetate concentration from 1.82 to 3.60% of DM compared with untreated corn silage.
“However, the high rate of inoculation dramatically de- creased the numbers of yeast, and doubled the concentration of acetate (from 1.82 to 3.60% of DM) compared with the untreated silage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe aerobic stability of silage treated with LP4 was improved by only 6.3 h and SM improved stability by 10.5 h when compared to untreated silage.
“For example, the aerobic stability of silage treated with LP4 was improved by only 6.3 h and SM improved stability by 10.5 h when compared to untreated silage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSilage inoculated with a moderate rate of Lactobacillus buchneri (1 × 10^5 cfu/g of forage) or with strains of Lactobacillus plantarum enhanced the aerobic stability of corn silage, but the effect was small.
“Silage inoculated with a moderate rate of L. buchneri (1 × 10 5 cfu/g of forage) or the strains of L. plantarum enhanced the aerobic stability of the corn silage, but the effect was small.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWith the exception of silage treated with LB10, all silages were markedly spoiled, and sampling ceased after 3 d of exposure to air.
“With the exception of silage treated with LB10, all silages were markedly spoiled and thus sampling ceased after 3 d of exposure to air.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSilage treated with LB10 had a Flieg's score of 87, primarily because of the greater concentration of acetic acid.
“This silage had a Flieg's score of 87, primarily because of the greater concentration of acetic acid.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningWater-soluble carbohydrates constituted only a fraction of total dry matter, and after 3 d of exposure to air the greatest dry matter loss was still less than 10%.
“However, WSC constituted only a fraction of the total DM and, therefore, after 3 d of exposure to air the greatest DM loss was still less than 10%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe high inoculation rate of Lactobacillus buchneri caused a decrease in the L-lactate to D-lactate ratio, as a result of production of a lesser amount of L-lactate.
“In contrast, the high inoculation rate of L. buchneri caused a decrease in the L-lactate to D-lactate ratio, but this was a result of production of lesser amount of L-lactate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAfter 6 d of aerobic exposure, silage treated with LB10 had an acetate concentration of almost 5% of DM whereas by 3 d of exposure the acetate concentration of all other silages had decreased to < 0.5%.
“After 6 d of aerobic exposure, silage treated with LB10 had an acetate concentration of almost 5% of DM whereas by 3 d of exposure the acetate concentration of all other silages had decreased to < 0.5%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSilages treated with inoculants containing various strains of Lactobacillus plantarum had numerically lower yeast, molds, lactate, ethanol, and ammonia than untreated silage, but none of these differences were statistically different.
“Silages treated with inoculants containing various strains of L. plantarum had numerically lower yeast, molds, lactate, ethanol, and ammonia than did untreated silage but none of these differences were statistically different.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAlthough silage treated with LB10 had a lower Flieg's score, it had much greater aerobic stability and recovery of nutrients upon aerobic exposure.
“Although the silage treated with LB10 had a lower score, it had a much greater aerobic stability and recovery of nutrients upon its aerobic exposure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe number of yeasts in the fresh forages varied (P < 0.05) among treatments, with untreated forage containing 7.06 log10 cfu/g and LB10-treated forage containing the lowest (5.86 log10 cfu/g).
“The number of yeasts in the forages varied (P < 0.05) among the treatments with the untreated forage containing 7.06 log 10 cfu/g.Silage treated with LB10 contained the lowest (P < 0.05) inoculum density of yeast (5.86 log 10 cfu/g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSilage treated with LB10 contained the lowest (P < 0.05) concentration of L-lactate and thus resulted in the lowest (P < 0.05) ratio of L-lactate to D-lactate.
“This silage contained the lowest (P < 0.05) concentration of L-lac- tate and thus resulted in the lowest (P < 0.05) ratio of L-lactate to D-lactate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMicrobial inoculation with the two strains of L. plantarum in this study did not affect the lactate:acetate ratios and thus did not produce a more homolactic fermentation.
“Microbial inoculation with the two strains of L. plantarum in our study did not affect the lactate:acetate ratios and thus did not produce a more homolactic fermentation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTo a lesser extent, spoilage can be initiated by molds, bacilli, acetic acid bacteria, and possibly lactic acid bacteria.
“although to a lesser extent, spoilage can be initiated by molds, bacilli, acetic acid bacteria, and possibly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (32).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Woolford, 1990, The detrimental effects of air on silage, J. Appl. Bacteriol. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe authors did not measure dry matter losses from the ensiling process in this study.
“We did not measure DM losses from the ensiling process in our study but, because L. buchneri produces a heterolactic fermentation that is less efficient than homolactic fermentation, such losses should be determined in future studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe composition of the fresh forage in this experiment was normal for whole-plant corn harvested at one-half milk line.
“The composition of the fresh forage in this experiment was normal for whole-plant corn harvested at one-half milk line.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationImprovements in the aerobic stability of corn silages have been reported for various rates of inoculation with L. buchneri, a heterofermentative LAB.
“Improvements in the aerobic stability of corn silages have been reported for various rates of inoculation with L. buchneri, a heterofermentative LAB (5,18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [5] Driehuis, 1996, Improving aerobic stability by inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [18] Muck, R. E. 1996. A lactic acid bacteria strain to improve aerobic stability of silages. Pages 42–43 in U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center 1996 Res. Summaries.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAdding beneficial microorganisms (microbial inoculants) to feeds prior to ensiling has improved fermentation.
“Adding beneficial microorganisms (microbial inoculants) to feeds prior to ensiling has improved fermentation (10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Kung, 1991, Effect of a microbial inoculant and/or glycopeptide antibiotic on fermentation and aerobic stability of wilted alfalfa silage, Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTreating silages with L. plantarum strain MTD1 has improved DM intake and milk yield in a number of studies.
“In recent years, treating silages with L. plantarum strain MTD1 has improved DM intake and milk yield in a number of studies (9).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Kung, 1997, Animal response to silage additives
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA multitude of bacteriocin and antifungal compounds have been identified in various lactobacilli.
“Such a possibility is easy to envision if one considers the multitude of bacteriocin (15) and antifungal compounds (27) that have been identified in various lactobacilli.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] Montville, 1993, Antimicrobial proteins: classification, nomenclature, diversity, and relationship to bacteriocins source
- cites [27] Suzuki, 1991, Isolation of lactic acid bacteria which suppress mold growth and show antifungal action, Milchwissenschaft
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll inoculants contained viable microorganisms.
“All inoculants contained viable microorganisms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenSufficient amounts of each inoculant were applied to forage to obtain the desired rates of inoculation.
“Sufficient amounts of each inoculant were applied to forage to obtain the desired rates of inoculation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe WSC concentration of the fresh forage was high (about 15%) but similar concentrations of WSC have been reported in whole-plant corn.
“The WSC concentration of the fresh forage was high (about 15%) but similar concentrations of WSC have been reported in whole-plant corn (4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Cai, 1994, The proportion of lactate isomers in farm silage and the influence of inoculation with lactic acid bacteria on the proportion of L-lactate in silage, Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe authors have not determined whether the strain of Lactobacillus buchneri used in the current study produces the biogenic amine histamine.
“In addition, some strains of L. buchneri are known to produce the biogenic amine, histamine (7), and we have not determined whether the strain of L. buchneri used in the current study produces this amine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTheoretical homolactic fermentation of 1 mole of hexose yields 2 moles of lactate with a DM recovery of 100% and an energy recovery of 99%.
“Theoretical homolactic fermentation of 1 mole of hexose yields 2 moles of lactate with a DM recovery of 100% and an energy recovery of 99% (14).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSilage from the first set of undisturbed silos would not have remained stable with such changes, and frequent sampling accelerated the spoilage process.
“Silage from the first set of silos that were undisturbed for temperature measurements would not have remained stable with such changes and reemphasizes the fact that frequent sampling accelerated the spoilage process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe pH differences among fresh forages were numerically small and would not have affected the subsequent fermentation.
“However, these differences were numerically small and would not have affected the subsequent fermentation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe increase in acetate concentration in LB10 silage could not be accounted for by dry matter loss and may have been from continued acetate production by Lactobacillus buchneri during aerobic exposure.
“This increase in acetate concentration could not be accounted for by the loss of DM and thus may have been from continued acetate production by L. buchneri during aerobic exposure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn a review of the literature, Muck and Kung reported that inoculation improved aerobic stability in less than 30% of the studies reported between 1990 and 1995.
“In a review of the literature, Muck and Kung (19) reported that inoculation improved aerobic stability in less than 30% of the studies reported between 1990 and 1995.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Muck and Kung (19) Muck, 1997, Effects of silage additives on ensiling
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSilage treated with 1 × 10^6 cfu of Lactobacillus buchneri/g of fresh forage underwent a very extensive heterolactic fermentation that resulted in a marked enhancement in aerobic stability.
“In contrast, silage treated with 1 × 10 6 cfu of L. buchneri/g of fresh forage underwent a very extensive heterolactic fermentation that resulted in a marked enhancement in aerobic stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Silage is often subject to varying degrees of aerobic deterioration before and during feeding.
“On many farms, silage is often subject to varying degrees of aerobic deterioration before and during feeding.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Feeds that have undergone aerobic deterioration have reduced nutritional value and present hazards to the environment.
“Feeds that have undergone aerobic deterioration have reduced nutritional value and present hazards to the environment (disposal of spoiled feed).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Propionic acid-based additives may be costly.
“However, such additives may be costly and thus microbial inoculants have been explored as economical alternatives.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Heterolactic fermentation produces acetic acid that is a more potent antimycotic agent than lactic acid.
“Heterolactic fermentation is less efficient in the conservation of nutrients than homolactic fermentation, but it produces acetic acid that is a more potent antimycotic agent than is lactic acid.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Higher application rates of L. buchneri have not been evaluated.
“Higher application rates of L. buchneri have not been evaluated, therefore the effects of L. buchneri inoculation at a moderate (1 × 10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage) and a high (1 × 10 6 cfu/g) rate were compared to inoculation with select L. plantarum strains and a propionic acid-based commercial silage additive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inhibition of bacteria via low pH and fungi via the elimination of oxygen are the key factors responsible for making high-quality silage that is stable when exposed to air.
“Inhibition of bacteria (via low pH) and fungi (via the elimination of oxygen) in the process of silage fermentation are the key factors that are responsible for making high-quality silage that is stable when exposed to air.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Addition of homofermentative LAB to forage at ensiling can enhance the fermentation process by producing high concentrations of lactic acid and rapidly reducing the pH of silage.
“Addition of homofermentative LAB to forage at ensiling can enhance the fermentation process by producing high concentrations of lactic acid and rapidly reducing the pH of silage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Heterolactic fermentation results in energy losses of 1 to 2%, and DM losses vary depending on the substrate and pathway used.
“Heterolactic fermentation results in energy losses of 1 to 2%, but the DM losses vary depending on the substrate and pathway used.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Silages are often exposed to air for prolonged periods, and such exposure can lead to spoilage.
“Silages are often exposed to air for prolonged periods.”
“Poorly packed silage can result in spoiling of silages before feeding.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lb. buchneri successfully improves the aerobic stability of a variety of silages.
“have shown that Lb. buchneri successfully improves the aerobic stability of a variety of silages”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
The Conclusions report that L. buchneri improved the aerobic stability of corn silage, markedly so at the high application rate. This paper studies corn silage, not a variety of silage types, so it does not support that broader part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effects of Lb. buchneri on aerobic stability are strain-specific and dose-dependent.
“however, the effects are strain-specific (Muck, 2004;Kleinschmit et al., 2005) and dose-dependent (Ranjit and Kung, 2000;Taylor and Kung, 2002;Filya et al., 2006).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
The effect of inoculation of L. plantarum and L. buchneri on forage fermentation quality in this study was similar to previous research.
“This study showed a similar effect of inoculation of L. plantarum and L. buchneri on forage fermentation quality to previous research (Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Weinberg et al., 2002).”
From Modulation of Metabolome and Bacterial Community in Whole Crop Corn Silage by Inoculating Homofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum and Heterofermentative Lactobacillus buchneri (2019) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
Previous data with corn silage and barley silage suggest that a higher inoculation rate must be used to obtain consistent effects from L. buchneri 40788.
“Our previous data with corn silage (Ranjit and Kung, 2000) and barley silage (Kung and Ranjit, 2001) suggests that a higher inoculation rate must be used to obtain consistent effects from L. buchneri 40788.”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of High Moisture Corn in Laboratory Silos (2002) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
Past studies found that L. buchneri 40788 did not affect ammonia concentration in corn silages.
“In contrast, treatment with L. buchneri 40788 did not affect the ammonia concentration of corn silages in past studies (Ranjit and Kung, 2000;Kleinschmit et al., 2005).”
From The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages ensiled at two dry matter contents (2009) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
Low levels of buffered propionic acid generally have no effect on silage fermentation.
“Ranjit and Kung (2000) reported similar findings in that low levels of buffered propionic acid generally had no effect on silage fermentation.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
In previous studies from the authors' laboratory, untreated corn silage spoiled within 30 to 60 h after exposure to air, with residual yeast numbers between 4 and 5 log10 cfu/g.
“In previous studies from our laboratory, untreated corn silage spoiled within 30 to 60 h after exposure to air, but numbers of residual yeast in those studies were between 4 and 5 log 10 cfu/ g (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
LAB can quickly occupy a dominant position and simplify the complex microbial community in silage.
“LAB can quickly occupy a dominant position and simplify the complex microbial community in silage”
From Succession of Microbial Communities of Corn Silage Inoculated with Heterofermentative Lactic Acid Bacteria from Ensiling to Aerobic Exposure (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
Inhibiting the consumption of raw materials by microorganisms is considered one of the signs of successful silage.
“inhibiting the consumption of raw materials by microorganisms is considered one of the signs of successful silage [48].”
From Succession of Microbial Communities of Corn Silage Inoculated with Heterofermentative Lactic Acid Bacteria from Ensiling to Aerobic Exposure (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
A rapid reduction in lactic acid, alcohol and WSC content, an increase in pH-value and rapidly increasing DM losses are typically found in aerobically deteriorating silages.
“A rapid reduction in lactic acid, alcohol and WSC content, an increase in pH-value and rapidly increasing DM losses are typically found in aerobically deteriorating silages (Honig, 1975;Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
From Improving aerobic stability and biogas production of maize silage using silage additives (2015) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
Aerobic stability of untreated maize silage can vary largely and values in present study lie within range reported by others.
“Aerobic stability of the untreated maize silage can vary largely and values obtained in the present study lie within the range reported by others (e.g.Driehuis et al., 1999;Ranjit and Kung, 2000;Wilkinson and Davies, 2013).”
From Improving aerobic stability and biogas production of maize silage using silage additives (2015) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
A marked increase in acetic acid during exposure to air in silages inoculated with L. buchneri strains has been reported previously and can be attributed to continuing acetic acid production by L. buchneri under aerobic storage conditions.
“A markedly increase in acetic acid during exposure to air in silages inoculated with L. buchneri strains have been reported previously and can be attributed to a continuing acetic acid production by L. buchneri under aerobic storage conditions (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
From Improving aerobic stability and biogas production of maize silage using silage additives (2015) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
L. buchneri 40788 treatment has increased propionic acid in some silages but not all, and the reason is unclear.
“Treatment with L. buchneri 40788 has also increased the concentrations of propionic acid in some (Driehuis et , 1999a;Kung and Ranjit, 2001) but not all silages (Ranjit and Kung, 2000), and the reason for this finding is unclear at this time.”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
Treatment with L. buchneri 40788 and enzymes did not affect ADF, NDF, CP, or starch content of silage, as in past studies.
“As in past studies, treatment with L. buchneri 40788 and enzymes had no effects on the ADF, NDF, CP, or starch content of silage (Ranjit and Kung, 2000;Kung and Ranjit, 2001).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
Inoculation with the heterolactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus buchneri has recently been shown to markedly improve the aerobic stability of a variety of silage crops.
“Recently, the aerobic stability of a variety of silage crops has been markedly improved by inoculation with a heterolactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus buchneri.”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
In corn silage, L. buchneri 40788 needed to be applied at 5 × 10^5 cfu/g or more of fresh forage to produce changes similar to those seen in barley silage.
“In contrast, and inexplicably, applying L. buchneri 40788 at rates of at least 5 × 10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage were required to elicit similar changes in corn silage (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Ranjit and Kung, 2000
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two different Flieg's scores are given for LB10
MinorThe results give LB10 a Flieg's score of 89.3, while the discussion gives it a score of 87.
“Flieg's score was the lowest in silage treated with LB10 (89.3) when compared to the untreated silage that had a value of 100.”
“This silage had a Flieg's score of 87, primarily because of the greater concentration of acetic acid.”
LP4's lactate-to-acetate ratio is described as both changed and unchanged
MinorThe results report a significant reduction in the ratio for LP4, but the discussion says inoculation with the two L. plantarum strains did not affect it.
“The lactate:acetate ratio was de- Means in columns with unlike superscript differ (P < 0.05).3 Ammonia-N.Water-soluble carbohydrates.creased (P < 0.05) in silages treated with LB10 (1.78:1), LP4 (3.43:1), and SM (3.25:1) when compared with untreated silage.”
“Microbial inoculation with the two strains of L. plantarum in our study did not affect the lactate:acetate ratios and thus did not produce a more homolactic fermentation.”
Discussion denies a lactate reduction reported in the results
MinorThe discussion says neither a reduction in lactic acid nor an increase in propionic acid was observed with L. buchneri. The results, however, report significantly lower total lactate for the high-rate L. buchneri treatment.
“In contrast, we did not observe either of these phenomena and we observed changes in acetic acid concentrations only from the high (1 × 10 6 cfu/g), and not the moderate (1 × 10 5 cfu/g), rate of L. buchneri.”
“Silages treated with the high rate of L. buchneri (LB10) and propionic acid-based preservative (SM) had lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of total lactate than did untreated silage.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages
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Self-citationSilage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives
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Self-citationThe aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments
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The effects of various antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage
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“The chemical composition of freshly chopped corn in yr 1 is shown in Table 1 and was within expected ranges based on previous studies (Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Ran-jit et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationKung, L., Taylor, C. C., Lynch, M. P., & Neylon, J. M. (2003) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73611-x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
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“In contrast, treatment with L. buchneri 40788 did not affect the ammonia concentration of corn silages in past studies (Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Kleinschmit et al., 2005).”
ResultSelf-citationSilage fermentation—updates focusing on the performance of micro‐organisms
Ávila, C. L. D. S., & Carvalho, B. F. (2019) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14450 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Many studies suggest that the yeast population in the silage at the time of opening is directly related to its aerobic stability, and that yeast or moulds above 105 CFU per gram are indicative of aerobic deterioration (McDonald et al. 1991; Ranjit and Kung 2000; Borreani et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMethodThe role of Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation
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“fermentum) are widely used as microbial inoculants in silage production as economical and practical alternatives to acid-based additives, for improving or guaranteeing aerobic stability [79,80].”
BackgroundBorreani, G., & Tabacco, E. (2010) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2919 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“…in the 1970s by German researchers (Pahlow and Muck, 2009) and was developed in the subsequent years until it became a standardized methodology (Ranjit and Kung, 2000) that is today adopted in all experiments set up to establish the aerobic stability of silages under different conditions…”
BackgroundSchmidt, R. J., & Kung, L. (2010) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2555 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationTabacco, E., Righi, F., Quarantelli, A., & Borreani, G. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3538 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“The difference between the silage temperature and ambient temperature was defined as dT. Aerobic stability was defined as the number of hours the silage remained stable before rising more than 2°C above room temperature (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
BackgroundKleinschmit, D. H., & Kung, L. (2006) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72443-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, C. C., Ranjit, N. J., Mills, J. A., Neylon, J. M., & Kung, L. (2002) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74253-7 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, C. C., & Kung, L. (2002) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74222-7 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationTabacco, E., Piano, S., Revello-Chion, A., & Borreani, G. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4286 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“The difference between silage temperature and ambient temperature was defined as dT. Aerobic stability was defined as the number of hours the silage temperature remained stable before increasing more than 2°C above room temperature (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
BackgroundArriola, K. G., Kim, S. C., & Adesogan, A. T. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3807 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Occurrence, prevention and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage: a review
Wambacq, E., Vanhoutte, I., Audenaert, K., Gelder, L. D., & Haesaert, G. (2015) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7565 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Antifungal effect of organic acids from lactic acid bacteria on <i>Penicillium nordicum</i>
Guimarães, A., Venancio, A., & Abrunhosa, L. (2018) · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2018.1500718 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“As mentioned before, acetic acid is a more potent antifungal metabolite than lactic acid (Ranjit and Kung 2000).”
BackgroundZahiroddini, H., Baah, J., Absalom, W., & McAllister, T. A. (2004) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.08.013 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Adesogan, A. T., Krueger, N., Salawu, M. B., Dean, D. B., & Staples, C. R. (2004) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73476-1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Treatment with L. buchneri inoculants has improved the aerobic stability of several forages ( Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Driehuis et al., 2001; Kung and Ranjit, 2001; Adesogan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundDolci, P., Tabacco, E., Cocolin, L., & Borreani, G. (2011) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.05050-11 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“stable before rising more than 2°C above room temperature (27).”
BackgroundJohnson, L., Harrison, J. H., Davidson, D. L., Mahanna, W. C., Shinners, K. J., & Linder, D. (2002) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74092-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Others have reported the effects of microbial inoculation on aerobic stability and fermentation characteristics of corn silage (Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Kung, 1998; Higginbotham et al., 1998; Woolford and Wilkie, 1984).”
BackgroundNishino, N., Wada, H., Yoshida, M., & Shiota, H. (2004) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73381-0 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Recently, a considerable amount of research has been carried out on the use of Lactobacillus buchneri as an alternativeinoculant(Driehuisetal.,1999,2002;Weinberg et al., 1999, 2002; Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Kung andRanjit,2001;Ranjitet al.,2002;Tayloretal.,2002).”
BackgroundNishino, N., Yoshida, M., Shiota, H., & Sakaguchi, E. (2003) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01810.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Heinl, S., Wibberg, D., Eikmeyer, F., Szczepanowski, R., Blom, J., Linke, B., Goesmann, A., Grabherr, R., Schwab, H., Pühler, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.007 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
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Conformable surface acoustic wave biosensor for E-coli fabricated on PEN plastic film
Lamanna, L., Rizzi, F., Bhethanabotla, V. R., & Vittorio, M. D. (2020) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2020.112164 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Effects of corn silage inoculants on aerobic stability
Muck, R. E. (2004) · Transactions of the ASAE · doi:10.13031/2013.16571 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Xu, Z., He, H., Zhang, S., & Kong, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14052-1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A new oxygen barrier film reduces aerobic deterioration in farm-scale corn silage
Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., & Cavallarin, L. (2007) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0310 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Improving aerobic stability and biogas production of maize silage using silage additives
Herrmann, C., Idler, C., & Heiermann, M. (2015) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.114 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Criteria for lactic acid bacteria screening to enhance silage quality
Carvalho, B. F., Sales, G., Schwan, R. F., & Ávila, C. L. D. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14833 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Temperature is typically used as an indirect measure of aerobic deterioration, and when the temperature exceeds 2°C above room temperature, at this time, the silage is considered to have lost aerobic stability (Ranjit and Kung 2000).”
BackgroundLi, Y., & Nishino, N. (2011) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05010.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“When Lact. buchneri is inoculated, the acetic acid content in the silage may increase, thus suppressing the growth of yeast and inhibiting spoilage and associated heating in the presence of air (Driehuis et al. 1999; Ranjit and Kung 2000; Nishino et al. 2003).”
BackgroundWang, T., Teng, K., Cao, Y., Shi, W., Xuan, Z., Zhou, J., Zhang, J., & Zhong, J. (2020) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123600 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Arriola, K. G., de Oliveira, A. S., Jiang, Y., Kim, D. H., da Silva, H. M., Kim, S. C., Amaro, F. X., Ogunade, I. M., Sultana, H., Pech-Cervantes, A. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19647 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Kang, T. W., Adesogan, A. T., Kim, S. C., & Lee, S. S. (2009) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0780 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Increased stability of L. buchneri -treated corn silage is consistent with other reports and is attributable to increases in concentrations of acetate or propionate, or both (Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Krooneman et al., 2002; Filya, 2003).”
BackgroundResultWang, F., & Nishino, N. (2008) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0821 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Franco, W., & Pérez‐Díaz, I. M. (2012) · Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.fm.2012.07.013 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“, 2012), and correlated with increases in propionic acid concentrations during aerobic storage of silage (Ranjit and Kung, 1999).”
BackgroundFilya, I., Sucu, E., & Karabulut, A. (2006) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03038.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Guan, H., Yang, S., Ran, Q., Yan, Y., Wang, X., Li, D., Cai, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114673 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ávila, C. L. D. S., Pinto, J., Figueiredo, H. C. P., & Schwan, R. F. (2009) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2009.00703.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pedroso, A. D. F., Nussio, L. G., Loures, D. R. S., Paziani, S. D. F., Ribeiro, J. L., Mari, L. J., Zopollatto, M., Schmidt, P., Mattos, W. R. S., & Horii, J. (2008) · Scientia Agricola · doi:10.1590/s0103-90162008000600004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Chen, K., Qiu, X., Yang, D., & Qian, Y. J. (2020) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d0gc01505a · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Liu, S., Skinner-Nemec, K. A., & Leathers, T. D. (2007) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10295-007-0267-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ferrero, F., Piano, S., Tabacco, E., & Borreani, G. (2019) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.9463 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Arriola, K. G., Queiroz, O. C. M., Romero, J. J., Casper, D., Muniz, E., Hamie, J., & Adesogan, A. T. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8411 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“However, application of L. buchneri alone can increase DM losses slightly (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
BackgroundQuality of silages from Italian farms as attested by number and identity of microbial indicators
Rossi, F., & Dellaglio, F. (2007) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03416.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In fact, silage inoculated with L. buchneri alone or together with homofermentative LAB inoculants was markedly less exposed to aerobic deterioration in comparison with silage inoculated only with homofermentative LAB (Ranjit and Kung 2000; Ranjit et al. 2002).”
Backgroundda Silva, N. C., do Nascimento, C. F., Campos, V. M. A., Alves, M. A. P., de Resende, F. D., Daniel, J. L. P., & Siqueira, G. R. (2019) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.03.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mills, J. A., & Kung, L. (2002) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74273-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPedroso, A. D. F., Nussio, L. G., Loures, D. R. S., Paziani, S. D. F., Igarasi, M. S., Coelho, R. M., Horii, J., & Rodrigues, A. D. A. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982007000300006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Johnson, L., Harrison, J. H., Davidson, D. L., Mahanna, W. C., & Shinners, K. J. (2003) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73607-8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Schmidt, P., Mari, L. J., Nussio, L. G., Pedroso, A. D. F., Paziani, S. D. F., & Wechsler, F. S. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982007000700027 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Adesogan, A. T., Salawu, M. B., Ross, A. B., Davies, D. R., & Brooks, A. E. (2003) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73764-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Ranjit and Kung (2000) found that an L. buchneri inoculant applied at 1 × 10 6 cfu/g conferred greater stability on corn silages than a benzoate and propionate-based additive.”
BackgroundMethodResultBrüning, D., Gerlach, K., Weiß, K., & Südekum, K. ‐. (2018) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/gfs.12288 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kung, L., Myers, C. L., Neylon, J. M., Taylor, C. C., Lazartic, J., Mills, J. A., & Whiter, A. G. (2004) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73280-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Q., Li, X.-T., Zhao, M., & Yu, Z. (2015) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/gfs.12190 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gallo, A., Bernardes, T. F., Copani, G., Fortunati, P., Giuberti, G., Bruschi, S., Bryan, K. A., Nielsen, N. G., Witt, K. L., & Masoero, F. (2018) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Freitas, A. W. D. P., Pereira, J. C., Rocha, F. C., Costa, M. G., Leonel, F. D. P., & Ribeiro, M. D. (2006) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982006000100005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Liu, Q. H., Yang, F. Y., Zhang, J. G., & Shao, T. (2014) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.12530 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nishino, N., & Touno, E. (2005) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2189 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chen, L., Guo, G., Yuan, X., Shimojo, M., Yu, C., & Shao, T. (2014) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2013.13378 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Effects of several lactic acid bacteria inoculants on fermentation and mycotoxins in corn silage
Gallo, A., Fancello, F., Ghilardelli, F., Zara, S., Froldi, F., & Spanghero, M. (2021) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114962 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Júnior, R. C., Capucho, E., Garcia, T. M., Valle, T. A. D., Campana, M., Zilio, E. M. C., de Azevedo, E. B., & de Morais, J. P. G. (2019) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114371 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effect of chitosan on the preservation quality of sugarcane silage
Valle, T. A. D., Zenatti, T. F., Antônio, G., Campana, M., Gandra, J. R., Zilio, E. M. C., Mattos, L. F. A., & de Morais, J. G. P. (2018) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/gfs.12356 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zielinska, K., Fabiszewska, A., & Stefanska, I. (2015) · Chilean journal of agricultural research · doi:10.4067/s0718-58392015000400005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Ranjit and Kung (2000) recommended a dose of 106 CFU g-1 for satisfactory improvement.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPerdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos
Siqueira, G. R., Reis, R. A., Schocken-Iturrino, R. P., Pires, A. J. V., Bernardes, T. F., & do Amaral, R. C. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982007000900008 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Amanullah, S. M., Kim, D. H., Lee, H. J., Joo, Y. H., Kim, S. B., & Kim, S. C. (2014) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2013.13617 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The lack of effect of bacterial inoculation on ADF and NDF content of silage in this study was in agreement with other previous studies (Ranjit and Kung, 2000; Kung and Ranjit, 2001).”
MethodResultBorreani, G., Dolci, P., Tabacco, E., & Cocolin, L. (2013) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6649 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Aerobic stability was defined as the number of hours the silage remained stable before rising more than 2°C above room temperature (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
BackgroundKeleş, G., & Demirci, U. (2010) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.017 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Nishino, N., Hattori, H., Wada, H., & Touno, E. (2007) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03244.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Hence no heating has been observed after unloading for as long as 1 month (Driehuis et al. 1999a; Ranjit and Kung 2000; Danner et al. 2003).”
BackgroundJin, L., Duniere, L., Lynch, J. P., McAllister, T. A., Baah, J., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ferrero, F., Tabacco, E., Piano, S., Casale, M., & Borreani, G. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-18733 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Borreani, G., & Tabacco, E. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2013-7632 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Aerobic stability was defined as the number of hours the silage remained stable before increasing more than 2°C above the ambient temperature (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).”
BackgroundBacteria and Yeast Associated with Sugar Beet Root Rot at Harvest in the Intermountain West
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Associação entre aditivos químicos e bacterianos na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar
Siqueira, G. R., Reis, R. A., Schocken-Iturrino, R. P., Bernardes, T. F., Pires, A. J. V., Roth, M. D. T. P., & Roth, A. P. D. T. P. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982007000400006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri
Basso, F. C., Bernardes, T. F., Roth, A. P. D. T. P., Lodo, B. N., Berchielli, T. T., & Reis, R. A. (2012) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982012000700032 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Leaching techniques to remove metals and potentially hazardous nutrients from trout farm sludge
Jung, I., & Lovitt, R. W. (2011) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.062 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nair, J., Huaxin, N., Andrada, E., Yang, H., Chevaux, E., Drouin, P., McAllister, T. A., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaa267 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Weinberg, Z. G., Khanal, P., Yıldız, C., Chen, Y., & Arieli, A. (2010) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kung, L., Savage, R. M., da Silva, E. B., Polukis, S. A., Smith, M. L., Johnson, A. C. B., & Miller, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19746 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationGuan, H., Ke, W., Yan, Y., Shuai, Y., Li, X., Ran, Q., Yang, Z., Wang, X., Cai, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14570 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Arriola, K. G., Kim, S. C., Staples, C. R., & Adesogan, A. T. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2010-4070 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hassanat, F., Mustafa, A. F., & Séguin, P. (2007) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.01.005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pedroso, A. D. F., Nussio, L. G., Barioni, W., Rodrigues, A. D. A., Loures, D. R. S., de Campos, F. P., Ribeiro, J. L., Mari, L. J., Zopollatto, M., Junqueira, M. C., et al. (2006) · Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira · doi:10.1590/s0100-204x2006000400015 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“Different Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri strains have been shown to be highly advantageous when used as inoculants for industrial grass and maize silages [6, 7].”
BackgroundEnsiling fermentation products and aerobic stability of corn and sorghum silages
Weinberg, Z. G., Khanal, P., Yıldız, C., Chen, Y., & Arieli, A. (2011) · Grassland Science · doi:10.1111/j.1744-697x.2010.00207.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Improving Forage Quality and Animal Performance with Fibrolytic Enzymes
Adesogan, A. T. (2005) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Li, X., Xu, W., Yang, J., Zhao, H., ChunFang, P., Ding, X. Z., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2016.04.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bai, C., Wang, C., Sun, L., Xu, H., Jiang, Y., Na, N., Yin, G., Liu, S., & Xue, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.663895 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The silos were opened after 350 day of ensiling to assess the aerobic stability as described by Ranjit and Kung, 2000 and Wang et al. (2020).”
MethodBenjamim da Silva, É., Liu, X., Mellinger, C., Gressley, T. F., Stypinski, J. D., Moyer, N. A., & Kung, L. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21515 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationNair, J., Xu, S., Smiley, B., Yang, H.-E., McAllister, T. A., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skz333 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Ranjit, N. K., & Kung, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- ORCID
- Kung, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 526-535
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101929749
- Cited by
- 429
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 15.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Delaware
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Keywords
- corn silage, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, silage inoculants, aerobic stability, silage fermentation, heterolactic fermentation, lactic acid, acetic acid, yeast contamination
- MeSH terms
- Aerobiosis, Zea mays, Fermentation, Food Preservatives, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lactobacillus, Silage, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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