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The Effect of Preservatives Based on Propionic Acid on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage and a Total Mixed Ration
Open accessAbstract
For 3 successive yr, whole-plant corn was ensiled in laboratory silos with low percentages of silage preservatives, the primary active ingredient of which was propionic acid. Preservatives were added to forage just prior to ensiling at rates of 0.1 to 0.2% of the fresh forage weight. In all 3 yr, treatments had minor effects on fermentation end products, except that the concentration of propionic acid was greater because of its addition. The mean low and high percentages of preservatives increased aerobic stability of the treated silages by 19 and 57 h, respectively, in Experiment 1 and by 17 and 38 h, respectively, in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, aerobic stability was improved by > 90 h by preservatives (0.2% addition). In a lactation study, a total mixed ration (46% dry matter) was mixed without or with (0.2 or 0.3%) a stabilizer that was designed to prevent spoilage in the feed bunk. The high dose resulted in orts with a lower pH and temperature after 24 h in the feed bunk. However, dry matter intake and milk production were unaffected by treatments. Chemical preservatives based on propionic acid added at low rates did not affect fermentation but were effective in the reduction of heating in corn silage and in a total mixed ration.
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“In addition to the direct economic loss of DM and nutrients, spoiling or spoiled silage can also cause indirect losses, due to the lower nutritive value, reduced palatability, and the risk of negative effects on animal performance and health (Kung et al., 1998).”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In a previous study from our lab (11), similar amounts of SM (0.1%) improved the aerobic stability of corn silage from 12 to 24 h depending on the experiment.”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
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“In general, the chemical and microbiological composition of the untreated silage was within the expected range (11,12).”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
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“For example, applying propionic acid-based additives have enhanced the aerobic stability of corn silage (11).”
From The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a Chemical Preservative on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2000) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Increases in ammonia-N because of treatment with buffered propionic acid are a common finding (Kung et al., 1998) because ammonia is usually the principal buffering agent.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“In a previous study (Kung et al., 1998), silages treated with buffered propionic acid-based preservatives had final concentrations of propionic acid that were similar to initial applied concentrations.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The direct method of adding propionic acid to silages has resulted in more consistent improvements in aerobic stability (Kung et al., 1998(Kung et al., , 2000)), but the effects of adding this acid to forage that is or has been exposed to excessive amounts of air before ensiling has not been well studied.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“In previous studies, treatment with low levels of buffered propionic acid additives have consistently improved the aerobic stability of silages ensiled in laboratory silos (Kung et al., 1998;Kung et al., 2000).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 1998
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages
Kung, L., Shaver, R. D., Grant, R. J., & Schmidt, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13909 · Cited by 1,316
Self-citationSilage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages
Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., Schmidt, R. J., Holmes, B. J., & Muck, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13837 · Cited by 802
“In addition to the direct economic loss of DM and nutrients, spoiling or spoiled silage can also cause indirect losses, due to the lower nutritive value, reduced palatability, and the risk of negative effects on animal performance and health (Kung et al., 1998).”
BackgroundRanjit, N. K., & Kung, L. (2000) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74912-5 · Cited by 429
Self-citationGallo, A., Giuberti, G., Frisvad, J. C., Bertuzzi, T., & Nielsen, K. F. (2015) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins7083057 · Cited by 361
Kung, L., & Ranjit, N. K. (2001) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74575-4 · Cited by 339
“Buffered and unbuffered propionic acid-based products have been successfully used as silage additives to improve the aerobic stability of silages (Britt et al., 1975; Kung et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationOgunade, I. M., Jiang, Y., Pech Cervantes, A. A., Kim, D. H., Oliveira, A. S., Vyas, D., Weinberg, Z. G., Jeong, K. C., & Adesogan, A. T. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12876 · Cited by 272
“Chemical additives, such as propionic acid, are added mainly as antifungal agents to enhance the shelf life of silages during feedout (Kung et al., 1998, 2000).”
BackgroundThe effects of various antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage
Kleinschmit, D. H., Schmidt, R. J., & Kung, L. (2005) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72889-7 · Cited by 233
“that, as expected, the effectiveness of propionic acidbased additives increased with higher application rates ( Kung et al., 1998, 2000 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKung, L., Robinson, J. R., Ranjit, N. K., Chen, J. H., Golt, C. M., & Pesek, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75020-x · Cited by 226
“In contrast, the effects of the propionic acid-based additive on silage fermentation were unremarkable and were similar to data that we reported in a previous study ( 12 ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationFermentation Quality and Additives: A Case of Rice Straw Silage
Oladosu, Y., Rafii, M. Y., Abdullah, N., Magaji, U., Hussin, G., Ramli, A., & Miah, G. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/7985167 · Cited by 167
Silage review: Silage feeding management: Silage characteristics and dairy cow feeding behavior
Grant, R. J., & Ferraretto, L. F. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13729 · Cited by 177
“However, previous studies (Kung et al., 1998, 2000) revealed minimal effects on end products of silage fermentation when corn silage was treated with propionic acid-based additives, despite the enhancement in aerobic stability.”
ResultTabacco, E., Righi, F., Quarantelli, A., & Borreani, G. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3538 · Cited by 153
“…has spoiled because of exposure to air is undesirable, due to the lower nutritive value and to the risk of negative effects on animal performance (Kung et al., 1998), which are also connected to the proliferation of potentially pathogenic or otherwise undesirable microorganisms (Lindgren et…”
BackgroundTaylor, C. C., Ranjit, N. J., Mills, J. A., Neylon, J. M., & Kung, L. (2002) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74253-7 · Cited by 137
Self-citationKung, L., Williams, P., Schmidt, R. J., & Hu, W. (2008) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1402 · Cited by 133
“Buffered propionic acid additives have decreased the number of yeasts and improved aerobic stability in past studies (Kung et al., 1998; Kung and Ranjit, 2001), and the reason for a lack of a response in the current study is unknown.”
Self-citationTabacco, E., Piano, S., Revello-Chion, A., & Borreani, G. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4286 · Cited by 135
“In agreement with Kung et al. (1998) and Muck (2004), the improvement in aerobic stability appears to be mainly due to a reduction in yeast population during the anaerobic phase of silage conservation.”
BackgroundBorreani, G., & Tabacco, E. (2010) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2919 · Cited by 149
“Aerobic deterioration usually results in high DM loss (Bolsen et al., 1993) and the loss of important nutritional components (Kung et al., 1998).”
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“Spoilage of silage due to exposure to air is undesirable, due to the resulting decrease in nutritive value and to the risk of negative effects on animal performance (18), which are also connected to the proliferation of potentially pathogenic or otherwise undesirable microorganisms (20) and mycotoxin synthesis (28).”
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A new oxygen barrier film reduces aerobic deterioration in farm-scale corn silage
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“Among the silages, corn silage is particularly susceptible to aerobic deterioration when it is exposed to oxygen or in the feed bunk (Ashbell and Weinberg, 1992; Kung et al., 1998).”
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“Similarly, in 3 separate experiments, addition of propionic acidbased products to corn silages at 0.2% of fresh weight improved the aerobic stability of the silages (Kung et al., 1998).”
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Self-citationThe dynamics of the bacterial communities developed in maize silage
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“The high concentration of propionate is known to associate with improved aerobic stability, less spoilage and limited mycotoxin formation in corn silage (Kung et al., 1998).”
BackgroundControl of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in contaminated alfalfa silage: Effects of silage additives.
Ogunade, I. M., Kim, D. H., Jiang, Y., Weinberg, Z. G., Jeong, K. C., & Adesogan, A. T. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10766 · Cited by 66
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“In a previous study (Kung et al., 1998), silages treated with buffered propionic acid-based preservatives had final concentrations of propionic acid that were similar to initial applied concentrations.”
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Kung, L., Smith, M. L., da Silva, É. B., Windle, M., da Silva, T. C., & Polukis, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-14006 · Cited by 64
“Using these equations, the aerobic stability of the current experiments was projected to be 0 when numbers of yeasts were about 6.61 log10 cfu/g compared with 6.9 log10 cfu/g in the experiments by Kung et al. (1998).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationKung, L., Myers, C. L., Neylon, J. M., Taylor, C. C., Lazartic, J., Mills, J. A., & Whiter, A. G. (2004) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73280-4 · Cited by 60
“In recent studies, additions of low levels of buffered propionic acid-based preservatives (0.1 to 0.2%, wt/wt) similar to those used in the current study improved the aerobic stability of corn silages ( Kung et al., 1998, 2000 ).”
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Effects of calcium propionate on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage
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“Kung et al [28] reported additive containing buffered PA substantially improved the aerobic stability of corn silages, while Kleinschmit et al [25] found that there was no effect on improving aerobic stability of corn silages treated with the same additive, and ascribed it to the lower additive applied rates, which wa…”
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“Sci. 28:1669-1679 1676 unwanted aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds that compete with beneficial bacteria for substrates (Bolsen et al., 1996; Kung et al., 1998).”
Review on Bioenergy Storage Systems for Preserving and Improving Feedstock Value
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“However, acetic and propionic acids have been shown to inhibit spoilage microorganisms during aerobic exposure at the time of utilization of silage (Kung et al., 1998).”
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“The relatively high amounts of acetic and butyric acids measured in the eight silages at opening might be responsible for the stability of the silages in the trials due to their inhibitory effect on spoilage organisms (Kung et al., 1998; Danner et al., 2003; Wilkinson and Davies, 2013).”
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“3% of fresh forage weight has a positive effect on the stability of corn silage [17,18].”
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“It is used since decades in feed preservation and is registered in the USA as a fungicide and bactericide for indoor and limited outdoor use to control fungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, corn silage, etc. (Kung et al. 1998, Haque et al. 2009).”
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“Because of its high antimycotic activity, propionic acid usually constitutes the greatest percentage of those active ingredients used in commercial products today (Kung et al. 1998; Mills and Kung 2002).”
BackgroundTempo de armazenamento e manejo do painel no valor nutritivo de silagens de milho
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“For example, ruminant animals may be affected by reduced palatability or have impaired performance and health (Kung et al., 1998).”
Muck, R. E., Kung, L., & Collins, M. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119436669.ch42 · Cited by 25
Self-citationWeiß, K., Kroschewski, B., & Auerbach, H. U. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation8020048 · Cited by 18
Yi, Q., Wang, P., Tang, H., Yu, M., Zhao, T., Sheng, Z., & Luo, H. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13050920 · Cited by 19
“Aerobic stability was determined based on the time required for the silage temperature to be 2 ◦C higher than the ambient temperature [18].”
MethodInfluence of buffered propionic acid on the development of micro‐organisms in hay
Reboux, G., Dalphin, J., Polio, J. C., Millon, L., Baverel, J., Martinez, J., Girard, L., & Piarroux, R. (2002) · Mycoses · doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2002.00754.x · Cited by 18
Jin, Y., Wang, P., Li, F., Yu, M., Du, J., Zhao, T., Yi, Q., Tang, H., & Yuan, B. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14152279 · Cited by 17
“The time required for a 2 ◦ C difference between the silage and ambient temperatures was used to assess the aerobic stability of the silage [19].”
MethodNejad, J. G., Kim, B.-W., Lee, B. H., Kim, J. Y., & Sung, K. (2017) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.16.0705 · Cited by 16
“Higher moisture TMR is hypothesized to be associated with being more prone to spoilage due to increased temperature of the TMR during periods of increased environmental temperature [24,25].”
BackgroundSilage for Climate Resilient Small Ruminant Production
SAHOO, A. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.74667 · Cited by 16
Gallo, A., Catellani, A., Ghilardelli, F., Lapris, M., & Mastroeni, C. (2024) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101280 · Cited by 16
Kim, D. H., Amanullah, S. M., Lee, H., Joo, Y. H., & Kim, S. C. (2015) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0106 · Cited by 16
“Substantial improvement in silage aerobic stability treated with propionic acid based additives was also reported (Kung et al., 1998; Kung et al., 2000).”
de Oliveira, E. R., Takiya, C. S., Valle, T. A. D., Rennó, F. P., de Góes, R. H. D. T. E. B., Leite, R. S. R., de Oliveira, K. M. P., Batista, J. D. O., Araki, H. M. C., Damiani, J., et al. (2019) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.03.001 · Cited by 15
Wang, S., Zhang, G., Zhao, J., Dong, Z., Li, J., & Shao, T. (2023) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2023.2206422 · Cited by 15
“It has been proven that propionic acid and acetic acid can effectively restrict the growth and activity of undesirable microorganisms, thus improving the aerobic stability of silage (Kung et al. 1998; Danner et al. 2003).”
BackgroundFranco, M., & Rinne, M. (2023) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation9070640 · Cited by 18
“In order to guarantee the appropriate aerobic stability of silages when exposed to air, both yeast and mould counts should be below 106 [4,40], which was achieved in the current study.”
BackgroundIntake and Digestibility of Silages
de Oliveira, J. S., Santos, E. M., & dos Santos, A. P. M. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/65280 · Cited by 14
Hellwing, A. L. F., Messerschmidt, U., Larsen, M., & Weisbjerg, M. R. (2017) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2017.10.007 · Cited by 13
Evaluation of salting as a hay preservative against farmer's lung disease agents.
Roussel, S., Reboux, G., Dalphin, J., Laplante, J., & Piarroux, R. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Torres, R. D. N. S., Ghedini, C. P., Coelho, L. D. M., Ezequiel, J. M. B., Júnior, G. A. A., & Almeida, M. T. C. (2021) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104618 · Cited by 12
Liu, R., Li, X., Ma, K., Chen, Z., & Tang, C. (2023) · Catalysis Science & Technology · doi:10.1039/d2cy01913b · Cited by 12
Orosz, S., Wilkinson, J. M., Wigley, S., Bíró, Z., & Galló, J. (2013) · Agricultural and Food Science · doi:10.23986/afsci.6705 · Cited by 12
“Maize silage is particularly susceptible to aerobic deterioration when it is exposed to oxygen in the silo or in the feed bunk (Ashbell and Weinberg 1992, Kung et al. 1998).”
BackgroundLi, P., Tang, X., Liao, C., Li, M., Chen, L., Lu, G., Huang, X., Chen, C., & Gou, W. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9112403 · Cited by 12
Zheng, M., Niu, D., Jiang, D., Li, R., Meng, L., & Xu, C. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnaa052 · Cited by 10
Potential of Baled Silage to Preserve White Grape Pomace for Ruminant Feeding
Galvez-Lopez, M., Navarro, A., Muelas, R., Roca, A., Peris, C., Romero, G., & Díaz, J. R. (2025) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture15090974 · Cited by 11
Yuan, X., Wen, A., Wang, J., Guo, G., Desta, S. T., & Shao, T. (2015) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.12477 · Cited by 12
Chauhan, N., Kumari, N., Mani, V., Pradhan, D., Gowane, G. R., Kumar, S., & Tyagi, N. (2023) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-023-02280-8 · Cited by 10
“For example, applying heterofermentative lactobacilli ( L. Buchneri , L. fermentum, etc.) and propionic acid-based additives have enhanced the aerobic stability of silage [23].”
Neto, A. B. D. S., Goulart, L. B. L., Ribeiro, A. P., Nazato, L. M., Santos, D. P., Francisco, L. F., Arthur, B. A. V., Morais, G., dos Reis, R. H. P., Daniel, J. L. P., et al. (2022) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115515 · Cited by 9
Bao, J., Wang, L., & Yu, Z. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13010033 · Cited by 10
Bale Ensiling Preserves Nutritional Composition and Phenolic Compounds of Red Grape Pomace
Romero, G., Nieddu, L., Mouhssine, A., Nowicka, P., Bueso–Ródenas, J., Fernández, N., & Díaz, J. R. (2025) · AgriEngineering · doi:10.3390/agriengineering7060172 · Cited by 9
Neto, A. B. D. S., Ribeiro, A. P., Volpato, A., Machado, J., Nazato, L. M., Santos, D. P., Francisco, L. F., Arthur, B. A. V., Morais, G., dos Reis, R. H. P., et al. (2023) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105292 · Cited by 10
Uso de inoculante bacteriano e melaço na ensilagem de capim-Elefante
Bernardes, T. F., de Souza, N. S. D. S., da Silva, J. S. L. P., Santos, I. A. P., Faturi, C., & Domingues, F. N. (2013) · Revista de Ciências Agrarias - Amazon Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.4322/rca.2013.026 · Cited by 7
“Foi avaliado o tempo necessário para a massa alcançar 2 °C acima da temperatura ambiente (KUNG et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDORSZEWSKI, P. (2009) · Digital Repository of UTP in Bydgoszcz (Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy) · Cited by 8
The present situation and prospect of the processing technology of forage grass in China
Zhong, J., Ni, K., Yang, J., Yu, Z., & Tao, Y. (2017) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972017-01168 · Cited by 7
Mohammed, S. &. (2017) · IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES · doi:10.36103/ijas.v48ispecial.250 · Cited by 7
“Aerobic stability was defined as time required to raise silage temperature by 2 ◦ C above ambient temperature (38).”
MethodDai, T., Dong, D., Wang, S., Zong, C., Yin, X., Jia, Y., & Shao, T. (2022) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2022.2078234 · Cited by 8
ÖZTÜRK, Y. E., GÜLÜMSER, E., Mut, H., BAŞARAN, U., & DOĞRUSÖZ, M. Ç. (2022) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY · doi:10.3906/tar-2109-97 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kung, L., Sheperd, A. C., Smagala, A. M., Endres, K. M., Bessett, C. A., Ranjit, N. K., & Glancey, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- ORCID
- Kung, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1322-1330
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090363281
- Semantic Scholar
- 6cc338252cffd4566b4f505e602e2c63f4021c5f
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cargill
- University of Delaware
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
- Keywords
- propionic acid, silage preservatives, corn silage, aerobic stability, silage fermentation, total mixed ration, dairy cattle, dry matter intake, milk production
- MeSH terms
- Aerobiosis, Animals, Cattle, Zea mays, Eating, Female, Fermentation, Food Preservatives, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lactation, Propionates, Silage
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