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Cited by 47Neuroscience and Neural EngineeringVagus Nerve Stimulation ResearchCardiac pacing and defibrillation studies

Light and electron microscopic studies of phrenic nerves after long-term electrical stimulation

Kim, Jung H., Manuelidis, Elias E., Glenn, William W. L., Fukuda, Yoshitaka, Cole, Douglas S., Hogan, James F.·1983·Journal of Neurosurgery
DOI 10.3171/jns.1983.58.1.0084
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Abstract

✓ Light and electron microscopic evaluations were carried out on canine phrenic nerves subjected to long-term electrical stimulation. A total of 34 stimulated and 19 control nerves were studied by light microscopy, and 10 stimulated and five control nerves were evaluated by electron microscopy. Except in a few cases in which a higher current was used, the current used for stimulation was between 1 and 2 mA. The pulse width was 150 µsec. The typical charge per pulse was 0.22 µC and charge density per pulse 1.125 µC/sq cm of real area. The total number of days of electrical stimulation in individual phrenic nerves ranged from 4 to 374. No morphological changes in the phrenic nerve that could be attributed to the electrical stimulation were observed by light or electron microscopic study. There were, however, two phrenic nerves cuffed with bipolar electrodes which showed focal demyelination at the electrode level, but these changes were caused by factors other than the electrical stimulation. The results of the studies have direct clinical implications to long-term stimulation of phrenic nerves.

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Crossref · 10.3171/jns.1983.58.1.0084

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  • Initial issues with implantable extraneural electrodes often result from mechanical constriction and injury to the nerve during surgical implantation.

    “Initial issues with implantable extraneural electrodes often result from mechanical constriction and injury to the nerve during the surgical implantation process [43, 44].”

    From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Safety of acute and chronic peripheral nerve stimulation has been demonstrated in animals and humans for pulse durations from 1 to 300 μs for motor function and sensory feedback.

    “The safety of acute and chronic peripheral nerve stimulation has been demonstrated in animals and humans for pulse durations from 1 to 300 μs for the purpose of motor function and sensory feedback [43, 44, 75]”

    From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Kim et al. stimulated the phrenic nerve of dogs with frequencies of 7 and 35 Hz over periods up to 52 weeks and noted only minimal neural damage, which was presumed to be caused by mechanical restriction rather than the electrical stimulation.

    “Kim et al. stimulated the phrenic nerve of dogs with frequencies of 7 and 35 Hz over periods up to 52 weeks and noted only minimal neural damage, which was presumed to be caused by mechanical restriction rather than the electrical stimulation [43].”

    From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [43]

  • A large part of the literature and of our knowledge about neural stimulation is based on animal studies mostly conducted in the 1980s and 1990s.

    “Consequently, a large part of the literature and of our knowledge about neural stimulation is based on animal studies mostly conducted in the 1980s and 1990s [43–45, 62–64, 75, 92, 94, 96, 99, 100].”

    From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [43]

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Authors
Kim, J. H., Manuelidis, E. E., Glenn, W. W. L., Fukuda, Y., Cole, D. S., & Hogan, J. F.
Venue
Journal of Neurosurgery
Publisher
Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)
Published
1983-01
Volume
58
Issue
1
Pages
84-91
ISSN
0022-3085 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3171/jns.1983.58.1.0084
OpenAlex
W2122500961
Cited by
47
References
34
Citations by year
2023: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
0.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of neurosurgery (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (3r01hl004651-25s1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
Keywords
phrenic nerve, electrical stimulation, nerve morphology, demyelination, bipolar electrodes, canine model, nerve injury, charge density
MeSH terms
Animals, Dogs, Electric Stimulation, Microscopy, Electron, Phrenic Nerve, Time Factors

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