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Cortical iron reflects severity of Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Abnormal iron distribution in the isocortex is increasingly recognized as an in vivo marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the contribution of iron accumulation to the AD pathology is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated: 1) frontal cortical iron distribution in AD and normal aging and 2) the relation between iron distribution and degree of AD pathology. We used formalin fixed paraffin embedded frontal cortex from 10 AD patients, 10 elder, 10 middle aged, and 10 young controls and visualized iron with a modified Perl's histochemical procedure. AD and elderly subjects were not different with respect to age and sex distribution. Iron distribution in the frontal cortex was not affected by normal aging but was clearly different between AD and controls. AD showed accumulation of iron in plaques, activated microglia, and, in the most severe cases, in the mid-cortical layers along myelinated fibers. The degree of altered iron accumulations was correlated to the amount of amyloid-β plaques and tau pathology in the same block, as well as to Braak stage (p < 0.001). AD and normal aging show different iron and myelin distribution in frontal cortex. These changes appear to occur after the development of the AD pathological hallmarks. These findings may help the interpretation of high resolution in vivo MRI and suggest the potential of using changes in iron-based MRI contrast to indirectly determine the degree of AD pathology in the frontal cortex.
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“generating detectable local magnetic susceptibility variations.”
From Diffusion MRI reveals amyloid plaque–associated cellular signatures through spatial transcriptomic integration (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
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“Meguro staining for iron detection in the inferior temporal cortex [49] and other neurodegenerative pathologies included amyloid-beta load, tau-tangle density, the presence of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy–neuropathologic change (LATE-NC; stages 2 and 3) and neocortical Lewy…”
Yi, M., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Li, J., Weng, X., Zhang, C., Chen, D., Liu, L., Vasyutinskii, O. S., Lin, F., et al. (2026) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0337865
Markovich, S. W., Frey, B. L., Scalf, M., & Smith, L. M. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.9805066
“Iron oxides, in particular, accumulate within the cortex and hippocampus (regions most severely affected by AD) [29, 30] and the extent of iron deposition correlates with cognitive decline [16, 31].”
Markovich, S. W., Frey, B. L., Scalf, M., & Smith, L. M. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.9805066
Diabetes‐Associated Cognitive Impairment: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies
Corbali, O., Menon, P., Corbali, H. I., Jagannathan, R., & Levey, A. I. (2026) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70487
“Patients with diabetes or AD exhibit higher iron levels in various brain regions, as measured by MRI-based methods [172–174], and iron accumulation appears to correlate with amyloid pathology in AD [175].”
Nguyen, C., Kadiry, F. E., Muziot, Q., Maresca, M., Spitz, C., & Pietri, S. (2026) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ejmcr.2026.100377
Yang, J., Lou, F., Sun, W., Li, M., Su, L., Wang, Y., 李平安, & Su, J. (2026) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2026.109690
Adaptive Regional Feature Fusion for Brain WSI Iron Concentration Grading in Neurodegeneration
Liu, X., Yu, B., Toen, D., van der Weerd, L., Dijkstra, J., Zhang, Y., Song, J., & Chen, H. (2026) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn69854.2026.11728827
“Following prior neuropathological studies [2], [33], [34], cortical iron accumulation was scored using a four-grade scale (0–3), with representative examples shown in Fig.”
Metadata
- Authors
- van Duijn, S., Bulk, M., van Duinen, S. G., Nabuurs, R. J. A., van Buchem, M. A., van der Weerd, L., & Natté, R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Natté, Remco
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-11-07
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1533-1545
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- PMC
- PMC5676973
- OpenAlex
- W2765714249
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 9.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions (612360, FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IAPP, FP7-PEOPLE-2013)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Iron, Male, Middle Aged, Myelin Sheath, Severity of Illness Index, tau Proteins, Young Adult, Plaque, Amyloid
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