The effects of confinement on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease during the COVID-19 crisis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, apathy, agitation, and hallucinations, are frequent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their prevalence tends to increase with external stressors. OBJECTIVE: We offer the first investigation of the effects of confinement during the COVID-19 crisis on neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AD. METHODS: We contacted caregivers of 38 patients with AD who were confined to their homes for nearly two months and asked them to report whether patients experienced any change in neuropsychiatric symptoms during, compared to before, the confinement and rate its severity and impact on themselves using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the 38 patients, only 10 demonstrated neuropsychiatric changes during the confinement. Cognitive function of these 10 patients, assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination, was worse than that of patients who did not demonstrate neuropsychiatric changes. Interestingly, among the 10 patients with neuropsychiatric changes, the duration of confinement significantly correlated with the severity of symptoms as well as with their caregivers' distress. DISCUSSION: The confinement seems to impact neuropsychiatric symptomatology in AD patients with low baseline cognitive function.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 38 Alzheimer’s disease patients confined during the COVID-19 crisis in France, only 10 showed neuropsychiatric changes, and those patients had lower baseline cognitive function. Among those 10, longer confinement correlated with greater symptom severity and caregiver distress.
Key findings
- Among 38 AD patients, only 10 had neuropsychiatric changes during confinement [χ²(1, N=38)=8.54, p=0.004, Cohen’s d=1.08].
- For the 10 patients with changes, mean NPIQ severity was 5.20 (SD=4.92) and mean caregiver distress was 5.11 (SD=4.99); duration of confinement significantly positively correlated with both severity and caregiver distress.
- Patients with neuropsychiatric changes had lower MMSE scores from their last Memory Center visit (M=15.20, SD=5.14) than those without changes (M=20.39, SD=6.04), t(18.56)=5.84, p=0.017.
- No significant difference in confinement duration was found between patients with changes (M=30.60, SD=10.40) and those without (M=26.21, SD=15.69), t(36)=0.82, p=0.42, Cohen’s d=0.30.
Methods
- Telephone interviews were conducted with caregivers of 38 patients with probable AD followed at the Memory Center of the Hospital of Nantes, France, between March 26 and May 9, 2020; patients had a mean age of 71.89 years (SD=8.24), and caregivers had a mean age of 68.43 years (SD=12.16).
- Caregivers reported whether patients had behavioral or emotional changes during versus before confinement; if yes, they completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPIQ) to rate severity of 12 symptoms and caregiver distress.
- Analyses compared patients with versus without neuropsychiatric changes, used Spearman correlations between confinement duration and NPIQ severity/distress scores for the 10 changed patients, and compared prior MMSE scores using Welch t-tests.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: the cohort was relatively small, and there was no neuropsychiatric assessment before confinement, which would have better characterized changes.
- Evident from the text: the study relies on caregiver-reported, retrospective changes during confinement, and it was conducted at a single memory center, limiting generalizability.
- Evident from the text: there was no control group of non-confined AD patients, so the specific effect of confinement cannot be isolated from other pandemic-related factors.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 6 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
For the 10 Alzheimer's disease patients with neuropsychiatric changes during confinement, the duration of confinement significantly positively correlated with the severity of their neuropsychiatric symptoms on the NPIQ severity subscale.
“significant positive correlations were observed between the duration of confinement for these 10 AD patients with neuropsychiatric changes and 1) their scores on the severity subscale of the NPIQ”
- Also stated in: § Results: · plain
“among the 10 patients with neuropsychiatric changes, the duration of confinement significantly correlated with the severity of symptoms”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“For these 10 patients, the duration of confinement significantly correlated with both the severity of their neuropsychiatric symptoms”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Caregivers' reports accurately reflect the patients' neuropsychiatric symptoms during confinement.
- Rests on an assumption: The duration of confinement reported by caregivers is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results: · plain
- Findingown data
Among 38 patients with Alzheimer's disease, only 10 presented neuropsychiatric changes during the COVID-19 confinement.
“Among the 38 AD patients, only 10 presented neuropsychiatric changes during the confinement [χ2(1, N = 38) = 8.54, p = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 1.08].”
- Also stated in: § Results: · boosted
“Among the 38 patients, only 10 demonstrated neuropsychiatric changes during the confinement.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Among our cohort of 38 patients with AD, only 10 had any neuropsychiatric changes during the confinement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Caregivers' reports accurately reflect the patients' neuropsychiatric symptoms during confinement.
- Also stated in: § Results: · boosted
- Findingown data
For the 10 Alzheimer's disease patients with neuropsychiatric changes during confinement, the duration of confinement significantly positively correlated with their caregivers' distress on the NPIQ caregiver distress subscale.
“and 2) scores on the caregiver distress subscale of the NPIQ.”
- Also stated in: § Results: · plain
“as well as with their caregivers’ distress.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“as well as with the distress experienced by their caregivers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Caregivers' reports accurately reflect the patients' neuropsychiatric symptoms during confinement.
- Rests on an assumption: The duration of confinement reported by caregivers is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results: · plain
- Findingown data
Patients who demonstrated neuropsychiatric changes during confinement had lower general cognitive functioning on the MMSE at their last Memory Clinic visit than patients who did not demonstrate such changes.
“patients who demonstrated neuropsychiatric changes during the confinement had had lower general cognitive functioning at the time of their last Memory Clinic visit,as reflected on MMSE scores, than those who did not demonstrate such changes (M = 15.20, SD = 5.14) in (M = 20.39, SD = 6.04), t(18.56) = 5.84, p = 0.017.”
- Also stated in: § Results: · plain
“Cognitive function of these 10 patients, assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination, was worse than that of patients who did not demonstrate neuropsychiatric changes.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“these 10 patients had demonstrated lower cognitive function, in the 2 to 4 months prior to confinement, compared with patients who did not demonstrate any neuropsychiatric changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: MMSE scores from the last Memory Center visit (2 to 4 months prior to confinement) reflect patients' baseline cognitive function at the time of confinement.
- Also stated in: § Results: · plain
- Findingown data
No significant difference was observed in the duration of confinement between the 28 Alzheimer's disease patients without neuropsychiatric changes and the 10 patients with neuropsychiatric changes.
“No significant differences were observed between the duration of confinement for the 28 AD patients without neuropsychiatric changes (M = 26.21, SD = 15.69) and the 10 AD patients with neuropsychiatric changes (M = 30.60, SD = 10.40), t(36) = 0.82, p = 0.42, Cohen’s d = 0.30.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“no significant differences were over served regarding the duration of confinement between the 10 patients who demonstrated neuropsychiatric changes and that of the 29 patients who did not demonstrate such changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The duration of confinement reported by caregivers is accurate.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- Interpretationown data
The study provides evidence on the effects of social factors on neuropsychiatric function in Alzheimer's disease.
“More broadly, by demonstrating the effects of confinement on the neuropsychiatric function in patients with low cognitive performance in AD, our study provides evidence on the effects of social factors on neuropsychiatric function in AD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent in Alzheimer's disease and their prevalence tends to increase with external stressors.
- Premisecitation
Neuropsychiatric symptoms increase distress in caregivers who typically struggle to manage the behavioral consequences of these symptoms.
“Neuropsychiatric symptoms increase distress in caregiver who typically struggle to manage the behavioral consequences of these symptoms [25, 26].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [25] Gonzalez-Salvador, 1999, The stress and psychological morbidity of the Alzheimer patient caregiver, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] Boutoleau-Bretonniere, 2009, [Caregiver burden in dementia: Relationships with the activities of daily living, behavioral, and psychological symptoms], PsycholNeuropsychiatr Vieil
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductcitation
Patients had a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease made by neurologists at the Memory Center according to the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease.
“A diagnosis of probable AD had been made prior to the study by neurologists at the Memory Center according to the clinical criteria of the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association criteria for probable AD [1].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] McKhann, 2011, The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimers Dement source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The confinement seems to impact neuropsychiatric symptomatology in Alzheimer's disease patients with low baseline cognitive function.
“The confinement seems to impact neuropsychiatric symptomatology in AD patients with low baseline cognitive function.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“our study demonstrates how the confinement exacerbated neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with low cognitive function in AD, whereas no such symptoms were induced in patients with more preserved cognition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent in Alzheimer's disease and their prevalence tends to increase with external stressors.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
- Interpretationown data
The emergence of neuropsychiatric changes in a subset of Alzheimer's disease patients can be attributed to their degree of cognitive impairment.
“However, the emergence of neuropsychiatric changes in a subset of patients with AD can be attributed to their degree of cognitive impairment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
- May combine two claims. 5
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMore than 80% of patients with Alzheimer's disease exhibit at least one neuropsychiatric symptom over the course of the disease.
“more than 80% of patients with AD exhibit at least one neuropsychiatric symptom over the course of the disease [6].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Lyketsos, 2001, Neuropsychiatric disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease clusters into three groups: The Cache County study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire was used because it is widely used for assessing neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease and can be administered over the phone during lockdown.
“We implemented the NPIQ, as this scale is widely used for the assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD. We also used the scale because it is based on interviewing care givers and it was possible to administer it over the phone during the lockdown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe differences between Alzheimer's disease patients with and without neuropsychiatric changes during confinement appear to be intrinsic and not influenced by the duration of confinement.
“Thus, the differences between these two populations appear to be intrinsic and to not have been influenced by the duration of confinement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningReduced social contact and stimulation and/or reduced physical activity during confinement might have induced changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms in the 10 Alzheimer's disease patients who showed such changes.
“The reduced social contact and stimulation and/or reduced physical activity during the confinement might also have induced changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms in these 10 patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent in Alzheimer's disease and their prevalence tends to increase with external stressors.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was designed and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
“This study was designed and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAlzheimer's disease patients with low cognitive function may be more prone to confusion and disorientation, which may have resulted in a greater incidence of neuropsychiatric symptoms during confinement.
“Due to greater cognitive decline, AD patients with low cognitive function may be more prone to experience confusion and disorientation, which may have resulted in a greater incidence of neuropsychiatric symptoms during the confinement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNeuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease accelerate the rate of disease progression and institutionalization and may affect treatment responses and prognosis.
“The occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD accelerate the rate of disease progression and institutionalization and may affect treatment responses and prognosis [6].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Lyketsos, 2001, Neuropsychiatric disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease clusters into three groups: The Cache County study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataCognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination.
“During their last visit, the patients had been assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination [27] (M = 18.84/30 points, SD = 6.89).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Folstein, 1975, “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J Psychiatr Res source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the first study on the effects of confinement during the COVID-19 crisis on neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
“We offer the first investigation of the effects of confinement during the COVID-19 crisis on neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AD.”
“This is the first study on the effects of confinement during the COVID-19 crisis on neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent in Alzheimer's disease and their prevalence tends to increase with external stressors.
“Neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, apathy, agitation, and hallucinations, are frequent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their prevalence tends to increase with external stressors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caregivers' reports accurately reflect the patients' neuropsychiatric symptoms during confinement.
“Caregivers were asked if they had noticed any behavioral or emotional changes in the patients during, compared with before, the confinement compared. If the answer was “yes”, caregivers were invited to answer the NPIQ questions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MMSE scores from the last Memory Center visit (2 to 4 months prior to confinement) reflect patients' baseline cognitive function at the time of confinement.
“During their last visit, the patients had been assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination [27] (M = 18.84/30 points, SD = 6.89).”
“these 10 patients had demonstrated lower cognitive function, in the 2 to 4 months prior to confinement, compared with patients who did not demonstrate any neuropsychiatric changes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The duration of confinement reported by caregivers is accurate.
“Caregivers were asked to provide the exact date at which they were confined to their homes, since while the official lockdown in France started on March 17, 2020, some people followed confinement guidelines earlier or even later than this date.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The majority of studies on social isolation included standardised tools to assess presence and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, mostly the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).
“The majority of these studies included standardised tools to assess the presence and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, mostly the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) (23, 26, 27).”
From The impact of COVID-19 infection and enforced prolonged social isolation on neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with and without dementia: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
One study found symptoms worsening in patients with more compromised cognitive status prior to social isolation and a direct correlation between length of social isolation and both severity of symptoms and caregivers' distress.
“one found symptoms worsening in patients with more compromised cognitive status prior to social isolation and a direct correlation between length of social isolation and both severity of symptoms and caregivers' distress (23)”
From The impact of COVID-19 infection and enforced prolonged social isolation on neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with and without dementia: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
Patients with Alzheimer's disease whose caregivers reported worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms presented with significantly lower global cognitive status before social isolation enforcement.
“Moreover, one of the studies in this review found that patients with AD whose caregivers reported to have experienced worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms presented with significantly lower global cognitive status before social isolation enforcement (23).”
From The impact of COVID-19 infection and enforced prolonged social isolation on neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with and without dementia: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
Worsening or emergence of new neuropsychiatric symptoms was found in about 25-60% of patients with cognitive decline as a result of social isolation.
“Similarly, worsening or emergence of new neuropsychiatric symptoms was found in a substantial proportion (about 25–60%) of patients with cognitive decline as a result of social isolation (23, 24), although changes in symptom severity were found to be similar between patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia (26).”
From The impact of COVID-19 infection and enforced prolonged social isolation on neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with and without dementia: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: χ2(1, N = 38) = 8.54, p = .004
MinorThe paper reports p = .004 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .003. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2(1, N = 38) = 8.54, p = 0.004”
Inconsistent p-value: t(18.56) = 5.84, p = .017
MinorThe paper reports p = .017 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p < .001 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .017 · recomputed p < .001
“t(18.56) = 5.84, p = 0.017”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 8.54reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2(1, N = 38) = 8.54, p = .004”
- Doesn’t add upt(18.56) = 5.84reported p = .017 · recomputed p < .001
“t(18.56) = 5.84, p = .017”
- Consistentt(36) = 0.82reported p = .42 · recomputed p = .418
“t(36) = 0.82, p = .42”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Severity subscale has two stated maximum scores
MinorThe methods give the severity subscale a maximum of 36 points, then call the 60-point caregiver-distress maximum a maximum of the severity subscale as well.
“The maximum score on the severity subscale was thus 12 symptoms × 5 maximum points per symptom = 60 points.”
“The maximum score on the severity subscale was thus 12 symptoms × 3 maximum points per symptom = 36 points.”
Discussion counts 29 unchanged patients instead of 28
MinorThe results divide the 38 patients into 10 with changes and 28 without. The discussion instead says 29 had no changes.
“the 29 patients who did not demonstrate such changes”
“the 28 AD patients without neuropsychiatric changes”
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Haj, M. E., Jardri, R., Larøi, F., & Antoine, P. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1121139 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 and episodic memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease: A review
Haj, M. E., Antoine, P., Amouyel, P., Lambert, J., Pasquier, F., & Kapogiannis, D. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.002 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationDietlin, S., Soto, M. E., Kiyasova, V., Pueyo, M. E., Mauléon, A. D., Delrieu, J., Ousset, P., & Vellas, B. J. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190025 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Liew, T. M. (2020) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00604-7 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Depression in Alzheimer's disease: The effect of serotonin receptor gene variation
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The occipital white matter lesions in Alzheimer's disease patients with visual hallucinations
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Sorted by citations
Manca, R., De Marco, M., & Venneri, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585540 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Telemedicine and Dementia Care: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators
Yi, J. S., Pittman, C. A., Price, C. L., Nieman, C. L., & Oh, E. S. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.03.015 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Suárez-González, A., Rajagopalan, J., Livingston, G., & Alladi, S. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101047 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Infectious agents and Alzheimer's disease
Piekut, T., Hurła, M., Banaszek, N., Szejn, P., Dorszewska, J., Kozubski, W., & Prendecki, M. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2102073 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Borges-Machado, F., Barros, D., Ribeiro, Ó., & Carvalho, J. (2020) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317520976720 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Dementia wellbeing and COVID-19: review and expert consensus on current research and knowledge gaps
Liu, K. Y., Howard, R., Banerjee, S., Comas‐Herrera, A., Goddard, J., Knapp, M., Livingston, G., Manthorpe, J., O'Brien, J. T., Paterson, R. W., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5567 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dementia and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Gaigher, J. M., Lacerda, I. B., & Dourado, M. C. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.879598 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C., Pouclet-Courtemanche, H., Gillet, A., Bernard, A., Deruet, A. L., Gouraud, I., Mazoue, A., Lamy, E., Rocher, L., Kapogiannis, D., & El Haj, M.
- Affiliations
- CHU Nantes, Inserm CIC04, Nantes, France
- Inserm (FR)
- CHU Nantes, Départementde Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (LPPL - EA 4638), Nantes, France
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-06-30
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-47
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- PMC
- PMC9988367
- OpenAlex
- W3036413161
- Semantic Scholar
- 9fa0e7a6664eb9ace8842b91a13d584963a55b38
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 19
- FWCI
- 24.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-16-IDEX-0007, ANR-11-LABX-0009)
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AG999999)
- European Regional Development Fund (2014-2020’)
- National Institute on Aging (ZIAAG000975)
- Interreg (2014-2020)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, neuropsychiatric symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Mental Status and Dementia Tests, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Cohort Studies, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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