The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects
Open accessAbstract
Growth charts are curves or tables that facilitate the visualization of anthropometric parameters, and are widely used as an important indicator when evaluating the growth status of children and adolescents. The latest version of the Korean National Growth Charts released in 2007 has raised concerns regarding the inclusion of data from both breastfed and formula-fed infants, higher body mass index (BMI) values in boys, and smaller 3rd percentile values in height-for-age charts. Thus, new growth charts have been developed to improve the previous version. The 2006 World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, regarded as the standard for breastfed infants and children, were introduced for children aged 0-35 months. For children and adolescents aged 3-18 years, these new growth charts include height-for-age, weight-for-age, BMI-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age charts, and were developed using data obtained in 1997 and 2005. Data sets and exclusion criteria were applied differently for the development of the different growth charts. BMI-for-age charts were adjusted to decrease the 95th percentile values of BMI. Criteria for obesity were simplified and defined as a BMI of ≥95th percentile for age and sex. The 3rd percentile values for height-for-age charts were also increased. Additional percentile lines (1st and 99th) and growth charts with standard deviation lines were introduced. 2017 Korean National Growth Charts are recommended for the evaluation of body size and growth of Korean children and adolescents for use in clinics and the public health sector in Korea.
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Subjects with weight for height <−3 SD or >+2 SD were excluded to prevent skewness.
“Among KNHANES participants 1–20 years of age, those with weight for height <−3 standard deviation (SD) or >+2 SD were excluded. These cutoff values for subject selection were used in previous Korean Growth Charts and are considered appropriate for preventing skewness.9”
From Reference Values for Waist Circumference and Waist–Height Ratio in Korean Children and Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
The Data exclusion section says the 2017 Korean growth charts excluded weight-for-height values below −3 SD or above +2 SD for weight-for-age, BMI-for-age, and weight-for-height charts to avoid skewing. It does not describe applying those exclusions to KNHANES participants aged 1–20; the charts used other development datasets, and some chart types used a +3 SD upper cutoff. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe newly developed WC reference adopted up-to-date statistical methodology, including removal of subjects with extreme weight, smoothing of percentile lines, and the LMS estimation method.
“To overcome the drawbacks of previous reference charts, the newly developed WC reference adopted up-to-date statistical methodology, such as the removal of subjects with extreme weight, smoothing of percentile lines, and the LMS estimation method, which was applied in the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts.9”
From Reference Values for Waist Circumference and Waist–Height Ratio in Korean Children and Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Height, weight, and BMI were presented as standard deviation score (SDS) values according to sex and age based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [14].”
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MethodInfluentialSelf-citationTrend of Menarcheal Age among Korean Girls
Seo, M. Y., Kim, S.-H., Juul, A., & Park, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e406 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationScreen time and obesity prevalence in adolescents: an isotemporal substitution analysis
Byun, D., Kim, Y., Jang, H., & Oh, H. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20639-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yang, H. R., & Choi, H. S. (2019) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2019.13.3.214 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Enlarged subarachnoid space on cranial ultrasound in preterm infants: Neurodevelopmental implication
Yum, S. K., Im, S. A., Seo, Y.-M., & Sung, I. K. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55604-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lee, K. J., Moon, J. S., Kim, N. Y., & Ko, J. S. (2021) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12852 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationYoon, J. Y., Cheon, C. K., Lee, J. H., Kwak, M. J., Kim, H.-J., Kim, Y. J., Lee, J. E., Chung, W. Y., Kim, J., & Yoo, J. H. (2022) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2142110.055 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, T. H., Chae, K. Y., Han, B. E., Kim, J. H., Ha, E. K., Rhie, S., & Han, M. Y. (2024) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-024-09577-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For participants aged ≥ 2 years, the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts were employed [21, 22], while the World Health Organization growth standards were utilized for infants and young children aged 2 years.”
MethodSelf-citationClinical and molecular spectra of BRAF-associated RASopathy
Lee, Y., Choi, Y., Seo, G. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s10038-020-00852-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMealtime Behaviors and Food Preferences of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Park, H. J., Choi, S. J., Kim, Y., Cho, M. S., Kim, Y., & Oh, J. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10010049 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yoo, S., Lee, J. H., Lee, J. W., Park, H., Lee, H., & Kim, H. (2021) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2142068.034 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Overweight and obesity were defined based on the 2017 Korean Children and Adolescent National Growth Charts.12) Blood pressure was measured 3 times, and the average of the second and third measurements was used.”
BackgroundSelf-citationJeong, H. R., Shim, Y. S., Lee, H. S., & Hwang, J. S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98472-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cho, Y., Kim, J. W., Shim, J. O., Yang, H. R., Chang, J. Y., Moon, J. S., & Ko, J. S. (2019) · Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition · doi:10.5223/pghn.2019.22.3.233 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“BMI was calculated using weight and height, and obesity was defined as a BMI ≥the 95th percentile for age and gender [16].”
MethodSelf-citationChung, L. Y., Kang, E., Nam, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e219 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lee, J., Lee, Y. A., Lee, S. Y., Shin, C. H., & Kim, J. H. (2022) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.256.53 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, H. J., Shim, Y. S., Yoon, J. S., Jeong, H. R., Kang, M. J., & Hwang, I. T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88951-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mid-pregnancy PM2.5 exposure affects sex-specific growth trajectories via ARRDC3 methylation
Cho, H.-J., Lee, S., Lee, S., Kim, H., Kim, H., Park, M. J., Yoon, J., Jung, S., Yang, S., Lee, E., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111640 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors associated with body image perception of adolescents
Chae, H.-J. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103620 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, B., Park, B., Kim, C. H., Kim, S., & Park, B. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120399 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, M., & Lee, H. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0051 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bone Age Estimation and Prediction of Final Adult Height Using Deep Learning
Suh, J., Heo, J., Kim, S., Park, S., Jung, M. K., Choi, H. S., Choi, Y., Oh, J. S., Lee, H. I., Lee, M., et al. (2023) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2023.0244 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Fever Coach Mobile App for Participatory Influenza Surveillance in Children: Usability Study
Kim, M., Yune, S., Chang, S., Jung, Y., Sa, S., & Han, H. W. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/14276 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Role of NPR2 mutation in idiopathic short stature: Identification of two novel mutations
Hwang, I. T., Mizuno, Y., Amano, N., et al. (2020) · Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1002/mgg3.1146 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The z-scores for height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated using the 2017 Korean growth standard (Kim et al., 2018).”
MethodSelf-citationLee, S. H., Ahn, M. B., Choi, Y. J., Kim, S. K., Kim, S. H., Cho, W. K., Cho, K. S., Suh, B., & Jung, M. H. (2020) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2040002.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationRecreational screen time and obesity risk in Korean children: a 3-year prospective cohort study
Jang, H., Cho, Y., & Oh, H. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01660-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“For each participant, we identified the BMI percentile for age and sex based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents [31].”
MethodSerum YKL-40 Levels Are Associated with the Atherogenic Index of Plasma in Children
Kwon, Y., Kim, J. H., Ha, E. K., et al. (2020) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2020/8713908 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Standardized z-scores for sex and age were obtained using the LMS method described in the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents [17, 18].”
MethodSelf-citationSong, K., Park, G., Choi, Y., Oh, J. S., Choi, H. S., Suh, J., Kwon, A., Kim, H.-S., & Chae, H. W. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7110241 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, G., & Um, Y.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052405 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In this study, less than the 5th percentile of BMI was classified as the “underweight” group, the 5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile were classified as the “normal” group, and the 85th percentile or more were classified as “overweight or obese” group [26].”
Lee, J., Kim, S.-K., Kang, H. G., Ha, I. S., Wang, K., Lee, J. Y., & Phi, J. H. (2020) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2019.9.peds1986 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, H. K., Seo, J. Y., Jung, H. W., & Lim, J. S. (2023) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.15472 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Park, E., & Kim, M. S. (2023) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kim, S., Kim, S. E., Kim, S.-K., Ahn, M. B., Cho, W. K., Cho, K. S., & Jung, M. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1326851 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is Associated with Prediabetes and Adiposity in Korean Youth
Shin, S. H., Lee, Y. J., Lee, Y. A., Kim, J. H., Lee, S. Y., & Shin, C. H. (2019) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2019.0076 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, K., Kwon, A., Chae, H. W., Suh, J., Choi, H. S., Choi, Y., Oh, J. S., & Kim, H.-S. (2020) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationThe development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean population: Lessons and challenges
Kwon, O., Kim, H., Kim, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2021.54.5.425 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationJung, E. H., Cho, C., Kang, P., et al. (2021) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-021-01363-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, K., Kwon, Y., Lee, E., Lee, H. S., Youn, Y. H., Baik, S. J., Shin, H. J., & Chae, H. W. (2025) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2025.06.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationJeon, M. J., Choe, J. W., Chung, H. R., & Kim, J. H. (2021) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2040134.067 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationCho, A. Y., Shim, Y. S., Lee, H. S., & Hwang, J. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28602-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yun, H.-J., Eom, S., & Hahn, Y. (2023) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.04.039 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Association of serum uric acid Levels with metabolic syndromes in Korean adolescents
Seo, Y., Shim, Y. S., Lee, H. S., & Hwang, J. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1159248 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“SDSs were used for height, weight, BMI, and WC, which were calculated with the LMS methods using the 2017 Korean reference values (32).”
MethodKim, J., & Seo, Y. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.07.019 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, M. K., Yoon, J. Y., & Kim, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218217 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Chung, L. Y., & Rhie, Y. (2022) · Ewha Medical Journal · doi:10.12771/emj.2022.e13 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“According to the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts (KNGC2017), BMI for age≥85 percentile and <95 percentile is defined as overweight and BMI for age≥95 percentile is defined as indicative of obesity [52].”
MethodKang, E., Hong, Y., Kim, J., Chung, S., Kim, K.-K., Haam, J.-H., Kim, B., Kim, E. M., Park, J. H., Rhee, S. Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes23060 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationGender disparities in childhood obesity and household food insecurity
Bae, J.-H., & Choi, J. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111190 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Song, K., Jeon, S., Lee, H. S., Choi, H. S., Suh, J., Kwon, A., Kim, H.-S., & Chae, H. W. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Menarche is a Risk Factor for Short Stature in Young Korean Females: An Epidemiologic Study
Kang, S., Kim, Y. M., Lee, J. A., Kim, D. H., & Lim, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0274 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, Y., Choi, J.-H., Oh, A., Kim, G.-H., Park, S.-H., Moon, J. E., Ko, C. W., Cheon, C.-K., & Yoo, H.-W. (2020) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.1938152.076 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary supplement use in Korean children and adolescents, KNHANES 2015–2017
Jeon, J. H., Seo, M. Y., Kim, S.-H., & Park, M. J. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020003419 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Kim, J. H., Yun, S., Hwang, S.-S., Shim, J. O., Chae, H. W., Lee, Y. J., Lee, J. H., Kim, S. C., Lim, D., Yang, S. W., Oh, K., Moon, J. S., The Committee for the Development of Growth Standards for Korean Children and Adolescents, The Committee for School Health and Public Health Statistics, T. K. P. S., & Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, K. C. F. D. C. A. P.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KR)
- Korea University Guro Hospital (KR)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Pusan National University Children's Hospital (KR)
- Chungbuk National University (KR)
- Jeonbuk National University Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Oh, Kyungwon
- Moon, Jin Soo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Korean Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Korean Pediatric Society
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 135
- ISSN
- 1738-1061 (ISSN-L)
- 2092-7258
- PMC
- PMC5976563
- OpenAlex
- W2803129443
- Semantic Scholar
- b19ce79f2b3b48572e42bc71d85db1df5710014f
- Cited by
- 638
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 9.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Korean Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health and Welfare (2016-E34004-00)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- child growth standards, anthropometric reference values, height-for-age, body mass index for age, weight-for-age, head circumference, breastfeeding, bottle feeding, childhood obesity, WHO Child Growth Standards, Korean children and adolescents
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