Metabolic targeting of breast cancer cells with the 2-deoxy-D-glucose and the mitochondrial bioenergetics inhibitor MDIVI-1
Open accessAbstract
Breast cancer cells have different requirements on metabolic pathways in order to sustain their growth. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive breast cancer subtype relies mainly on glycolysis, while estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells possess higher mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) levels. However, breast cancer cells generally employ both pathways to sustain their metabolic needs and to compete with the surrounding environment. In this study, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial fission inhibitor MDIVI-1 alters mitochondrial bioenergetics, at concentrations that do not affect mitochondrial morphology. We show that this effect is accompanied by an increase in glycolysis consumption. Dual targeting of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and mitochondrial bioenergetics with MDIVI-1 reduced cellular bioenergetics, increased cell death and decreased clonogenic activity of MCF7 and HDQ-P1 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, we have explored a novel and effective combinatorial regimen for the treatment of breast cancer.
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2-DG is a promising inhibitor of glycolysis that decreases energy of cancer cells, making chemotherapy and other treatments more effective, and is most likely useful for treatment of breast cancer including TNBC.
“2-DG is a promising inhibitor of glycolysis, which decreases the energy of the cancer cells thus making chemotherapy and other treatments more effective. It underwent clinical trials and most likely is useful for the treatment of breast cancer including TNBC (Wokoun et al., 2017; Lucantoni et al., 2018; O’Neill et al., 2019).”
From An Arthropod Hormone, Ecdysterone, Inhibits the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells via Different Mechanisms (2020) · cites this paper as Lucantoni et al., 2018
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McBride, H. M., & Soubannier, V. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.011 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When recruited on the outer mitochondrial membrane by human fission protein 1 (Fis1), Drp1, together with other structural bending proteins, forms oligomeric rings around the membrane to fragment it (Detmer and Chan, 2007; McBride and Soubannier, 2010).”
BackgroundWilliams, A., Hayashi, T., Wolozny, D., Yin, B., Su, T., Betenbaugh, M. J., & Su, T. (2016) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-016-9664-x · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, it is now becoming increasingly evident, that BCL-2 family proteins also regulate mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics and may regulate mitochondrial respiratory chain activity (Chen and Pervaiz, 2007; Alavian et al., 2011; Hardwick and Soane, 2013; Gross, 2016; Williams et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGlutamine at focus: versatile roles in cancer
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“An alternative energy provider for cancer cells is glutamine, which is used to fuel TCA cycle or support nucleotide, protein, and lipid synthesis (De Vitto et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLucantoni, F., Düßmann, H., Llorente‐Folch, I., & Prehn, J. H. M. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25433 · Cited by 48 · cited 3× · see citing works
“BCL2 and BCL(X)L selective inhibitors (Venetoclax and WEHI-539, respectively) were able to decrease mitochondrial bioenergetics and ATP production (Lucantoni et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPietzke, M., Zasada, C., Mudrich, S., & Kempa, S. (2014) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/2049-3002-2-9 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been also highlighted that 2DG-P accumulation in the cells increases the carbon flow into citrate production, impairing ADP phosphorylation, with a decrease in glycolysis (Pietzke et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFTS and 2-DG induce pancreatic cancer cell death and tumor shrinkage in mice
Goldberg, L., Israeli, R., & Kloog, Y. (2012) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.24 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This glycolytic inhibitor has been tested in a variety of clinical trials, alone or in combination with chemotherapy (Raez et al., 2005; Goldberg et al., 2012; Sborov et al., 2015).”
BackgroundOppermann, H., Ding, Y., Sharma, J., Berndt‐Paetz, M., Meixensberger, J., Gaunitz, F., & Birkemeyer, C. (2016) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0131-9 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, when glucose is removed and substituted by pyruvate, an increase in TCA cycle metabolites, alanine, and aspartate was observed (Oppermann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTargeting metabolic plasticity in breast cancer cells via mitochondrial complex I modulation
Xu, Q., Biener‐Ramanujan, E., Yang, W., & Ramanujan, V. K. (2015) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3304-8 · Cited by 21 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, it has been previously shown that upon complex I inhibition with rotenone, breast cancer cells increase their glucose uptake and switch to a more glycolytic phenotype (Xu et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRaez, L. E., Rosenblatt, J. D., Schlesselman, J., Langmuir, V. K., Tidmarsh, G. F., Rocha‐Lima, C., Papadopoulos, K. P., O’Connor, J. M., Baldie, P., & Lampidis, T. J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.3190 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This glycolytic inhibitor has been tested in a variety of clinical trials, alone or in combination with chemotherapy (Raez et al., 2005; Goldberg et al., 2012; Sborov et al., 2015).”
Background
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1 of the 76 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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GLUT1 inhibition blocks growth of RB1-positive triple negative breast cancer
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“Therefore, dual targeting of glycolysis and mitochondrial bioenergetics or antioxidant pathways decreases cellular bioenergetics and increases the death of breast cancer cells 102,111 .”
BackgroundDysregulated Mitochondrial Dynamics and Metabolism in Obesity, Diabetes, and Cancer
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Metabolic changes in triple negative breast cancer-focus on aerobic glycolysis
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“Therapy Category Target Tested disease(s) siDrp1 siRNA Drp1 PAH [214], lung cancer mdivi-1 Small compound Drp1 GTPase domain PAH [214], lung cancer [211], brain tumors [240], breast cancer [248, 249], melanoma [250] P110 Peptide Drp1-FIS1 interaction RV-IR injury [235]”
BackgroundMitochondrial dynamics, a new therapeutic target for Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Weiner‐Gorzel, K., & Murphy, M. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188518 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
OXPHOS inhibitors, metabolism and targeted therapies in cancer
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An Activatable Cancer-Targeted Hydrogen Peroxide Probe for Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Imaging
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“infrared PAI probe composed of: a heptamethine carbocyanine backbone [11]; an aryl boronate ester reactive towards H2O2 connected to the dye backbone via a linker structure; and 2-deoxyglucose as a targeting moiety to direct the probe preferentially to cancerous tissue [12-14].”
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Xing, J., Qi, L., Liu, X., Shi, G., Sun, X., & Yang, Y. (2022) · World Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1186/s12957-022-02799-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tumor energy metabolism: implications for therapeutic targets
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“It underwent clinical trials and most likely is useful for the treatment of breast cancer including TNBC (Wokoun et al., 2017; Lucantoni et al., 2018; O’Neill et al., 2019).”
MethodChang, J., Chang, H.-S., Wu, Y., Cheng, W., Lin, T., Chang, H.-J., Chen, S., & Liu, C. (2020) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s238143 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Catala, A., Dzieciątkowska, M., Wang, G., Gutierrez‐Hartmann, A., Simberg, D., Hansen, K. C., D’Alessandro, A., & Catalano, C. E. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c02864 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Non-Specific Drp1 Inhibitor Mdivi-1 Has Modest Biochemical Antioxidant Activity
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Askar, M. A., Thabet, N. M., El-Sayyad, G. S., El-Batal, A. I., Elkodous, M. A., Kawamura, G., Matsuda, A., Elshawi, O. E., Helal, H., & Abdel-Rafei, M. K. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13215571 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Cholesterol-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming in Breast Cancer Cells Is Mediated via the ERRα Pathway
Ghanbari, F., Fortier, A.-M., Park, M., & Philip, A. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13112605 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Multi-Omics Study Revealing the Metabolic Effects of Estrogen in Liver Cancer Cells HepG2
Shen, M., Xu, M., Zhong, F., Crist, M., Prior, A. B., Yang, K., Allaire, D. M., Choueiry, F., Zhu, J., & Shi, H. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10020455 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Unveiling the potential of mitochondrial dynamics as a therapeutic strategy for acute kidney injury
Hao, Y., Zhao, L., Zhao, J. Y., Han, X., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1244313 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Novel mutation in hexokinase 2 confers resistance to 2-deoxyglucose by altering protein dynamics
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“Notably, when combined with the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), mdivi-1 exhibits lethality in MDA-MB-231 cells 52 .”
BackgroundKhan, T., He, Y., Kryza, T., Harrington, B. S., Gunter, J. H., Sullivan, M. A., Cuda, T., Rogers, R., Davies, C. M., Broomfield, A., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12040869 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer Reprograming: An Insight to Non-Coding RNAs
Gaballu, F. A., Kazemi, E. K., Salehzadeh, S. A., Mansoori, B., Eslami, F., Emami, A., Dehghan, G., Baradaran, B., Baradaran, B., & Cho, W. C. S. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11192973 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Apomorphine induces mitochondrial-dysfunction-dependent apoptosis in choriocarcinoma
Lee, J., Ham, J., Lim, W., & Song, G. (2020) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-20-0230 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yang, J., Davis, T., Kazerouni, A. S., Chen, Y., Bloom, M. J., Yeh, H., Yankeelov, T. E., & Virostko, J. M. (2021) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-021-01639-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“They also have been employed in breast cancer cells to study the role of carbonic anhydrase IX in hypoxia [23–25], the interaction between stromal and breast cancer cells [26, 27], bioenergetics and toxicity of mitochondria [28, 29], and intra-tumor heterogeneity of metabolic states [30].”
BackgroundMitochondria and tumorigenesis: Molecular basis and therapeutic implications
Huang, C. Y., Xie, Z., Li, J., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101806 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mitochondrial lipid metabolism in metastatic breast cancer
Ruidas, B. (2024) · Mitochondrial Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mitoco.2024.07.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Role of the sodium/calcium exchanger type 3 in cancer cells
Galvankova, K., Režuchová, I., Klena, L., Grman, M., Gazova, S., Lišková, V., Kozovská, Z., Roller, L., Babula, P., & Križanová, O. (2025) · European Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2025.151493 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhao, K., Zheng, Y., Lu, W., & Chen, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.932027 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The upregulation of enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway including hexokinase (Lucantoni et al., 2018), phosphofructokinase (Coelho et al., 2011), pyruvate kinase (WahdanAlaswad et al., 2018), and lactate dehydrogenase (McCleland et al., 2012) contributes to the “Warburg effect” in TNBC.”
BackgroundHow mitochondrial dynamics imbalance affects the progression of breast cancer:a mini review
Kuang, J., Liu, H., Feng, L., Xue, Y., Tang, H., & Xu, P. (2024) · Medical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12032-024-02479-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The mitochondrial division inhibitor Mdivi-1, which is a small molecule compound, can bind to DRP1 to inhibit mitochondrial fission, further reducing ATP production and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby promoting the apoptosis of breast cancer cells [63].”
BackgroundModica-Napolitano, J. S., Clarke, A., Nixdorf, L., Shanahan, B., Iacovella, N., Reyes, C., Guerin, A., & Noori, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27042067 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In this study, the combination treatment of UA plus 3BP or UA plus 2DG was tested in two different human breast cancer subtypes with different metabolic profiles [23].”
Maloba, G. O., Were, T., Barasa, E., Mohamed, N., Arshi, A., & Gallyas, F. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26104894 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The IG50 doses for 2-DG and diclofenac sodium were 15 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively, in MDA-231 cells and 15 mM and 0.075 mM, respectively, in MCF7 cells, in line with previous studies [14,17–21 , 29– 31 ].”
InfluentialIlluminating mitochondrial metabolism with genetically encoded fluorescent indicators
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Bhattarai, B. R., Teets, C., Pomper, K. W., & Topè, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102520
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Mitochondrial dynamics: A promising tool for personalized TNBC management
Mishra, H., Yadav, A. K., Kushwaha, V. B., & Singh, M. P. (2026) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2026.102157
Tang, C., Su, K., Zhan, Z., Huang, R., Luo, M., & Li, J. (2026) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-026-03945-z
Spatial Architecture of GLUT1 and Glycolytic Complexes in Breast Cancer
Secco, L., Mascaro, M., Costanzo, M., Santorelli, L., Sgarra, R., & Petrosino, S. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15191726
Askar, M. A., Thabet, N. M., El-sayyad, G. S., El-Batal, A. I., kodous, M. A. E., Kawamura, G., Matsuda, A., Shawi, O. E. E., Helal, H., & Abdel-Rafei, M. K. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-910507/v1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lucantoni, F., Dussmann, H., & Prehn, J. H. M.
- Affiliations
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Prehn, Jochen H. M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-09-11
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 113-113
- ISSN
- 2296-634X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6141706
- OpenAlex
- W2890250729
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Irish Cancer Society (CCRC13GAL)
- Science Foundation Ireland (13/IA/1881)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- breast cancer, 2-deoxyglucose, Mdivi-1, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, triple-negative breast cancer, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, metabolic targeting, combination therapy, MCF-7 cells, cell death, clonogenic activity
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