Chemical Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Division Dynamin Reveals Its Role in Bax/Bak-Dependent Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondrial fusion and division play important roles in the regulation of apoptosis. Mitochondrial fusion proteins attenuate apoptosis by inhibiting release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, in part by controlling cristae structures. Mitochondrial division promotes apoptosis by an unknown mechanism. We addressed how division proteins regulate apoptosis using inhibitors of mitochondrial division identified in a chemical screen. The most efficacious inhibitor, mdivi-1 (for mitochondrial division inhibitor) attenuates mitochondrial division in yeast and mammalian cells by selectively inhibiting the mitochondrial division dynamin. In cells, mdivi-1 retards apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. In vitro, mdivi-1 potently blocks Bid-activated Bax/Bak-dependent cytochrome c release from mitochondria. These data indicate the mitochondrial division dynamin directly regulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization independent of Drp1-mediated division. Our findings raise the interesting possibility that mdivi-1 represents a class of therapeutics for stroke, myocardial infarction, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mdivi-1 attenuates mitochondrial fission by selectively blocking GTPase activity of Drp1.
“Mdivi-1 is a chemical compound which attenuates mitochondrial fission by selectively blocking GTPase activity of Drp1 (7)”
From Mitochondrial Fission Contributes to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
Mdivi-1 attenuates mitochondrial fragmentation by selectively inhibiting the assembly and GTPase activity of Drp1.
“Mdivi-1 attenuates mitochondrial fragmentation by selectively inhibiting the assembly and GTPase activity of Drp1 (7).”
From Mitochondrial Fission Contributes to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
Cites
ON THE NATURE OF ALLOSTERIC TRANSITIONS: A PLAUSIBLE MODEL.
Monod, J., Wyman, J., & Changeux, J. (1965) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80285-6 · Cited by 7,681 · see citing works
The Bcl-2 Protein Family: Arbiters of Cell Survival
Adams, J. M., & Cory, S. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1322 · Cited by 5,303 · see citing works
Dynasore, a Cell-Permeable Inhibitor of Dynamin
Macia, E., Ehrlich, M., Massol, R., Boucrot, E., Brunner, C., & Kirchhausen, T. L. (2006) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2006.04.002 · Cited by 2,038 · see citing works
Mitochondria: Dynamic Organelles in Disease, Aging, and Development
Chan, D. C. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.010 · Cited by 1,987 · see citing works
Dynamin-related Protein Drp1 Is Required for Mitochondrial Division in Mammalian Cells
Smirnova, E., Griparić, L., Shurland, D., & van der Bliek, A. M. (2001) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.12.8.2245 · Cited by 1,938 · see citing works
The Role of Dynamin-Related Protein 1, a Mediator of Mitochondrial Fission, in Apoptosis
Frank, S., Gaume, B., Bergmann-Leitner, E. S., Leitner, W. W., Robert, E. G., Catez, F., Smith, C. L., & Youle, R. J. (2001) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(01)00055-7 · Cited by 1,755 · see citing works
OPA1 Controls Apoptotic Cristae Remodeling Independently from Mitochondrial Fusion
Frezza, C., Cipolat, S., Martins de Brito, O., Micaroni, M., Beznoussenko, G. V., Rudka, T., Bartoli, D., Polishuck, R. S., Danial, N. N., De Strooper, B., et al. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.025 · Cited by 1,673 · see citing works
Bid, Bax, and Lipids Cooperate to Form Supramolecular Openings in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
Kuwana, T., Mackey, M. R., Perkins, G. A., Ellisman, M. H., Latterich, M., Schneiter, R., Green, D. R., & Newmeyer, D. D. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01036-x · Cited by 1,480 · see citing works
Self-citationDisruption of Fusion Results in Mitochondrial Heterogeneity and Dysfunction
Chen, H., Chomyn, A., & Chan, D. C. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m503062200 · Cited by 1,376 · see citing works
Newmeyer, D. D., & Ferguson-Miller, S. M. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00116-8 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works
Mitotic phosphorylation of dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 participates in mitochondrial fission.
Taguchi, N., Ishihara, N., Jofuku, A., Oka, T., & Mihara, K. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m607279200 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
Olichon, A., Baricault, L., Gas, N., Guillou, E., Valette, A., Belenguer, P., & Lenaers, G. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c200677200 · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
Apoptosis Initiated When BH3 Ligands Engage Multiple Bcl-2 Homologs, Not Bax or Bak
Willis, S. N., Fletcher, J. I., Kaufmann, T., van Delft, M. F., Chen, L., Czabotar, P. E., Ierino, H., Lee, E. F., Fairlie, W. D., Bouillet, P., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133289 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
A Distinct Pathway Remodels Mitochondrial Cristae and Mobilizes Cytochrome c during Apoptosis
Scorrano, L., Ashiya, M., Buttle, K., Weiler, S., Oakes, S. A., Mannella, C. A., & Korsmeyer, S. J. (2002) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(01)00116-2 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Roles of the mammalian mitochondrial fission and fusion mediators Fis1, Drp1, and Opa1 in apoptosis
Lee, Y.-J., Jeong, S.-Y., Karbowski, M., Smith, C. L., & Youle, R. J. (2004) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0294 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission in Mammals
Chan, D. C. (2006) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010305.104638 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Structural Basis of Mitochondrial Tethering by Mitofusin Complexes
Koshiba, T., Detmer, S. A., Kaiser, J. T., Chen, H., McCaffery, J. M., & Chan, D. C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1099793 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Karbowski, M., Lee, Y.-J., Gaume, B., Jeong, S.-Y., Frank, S., Nechushtan, A., Santel, A., Fuller, M., Smith, C. L., & Youle, R. J. (2002) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200209124 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
The dynamin-related GTPase Dnm1 regulates mitochondrial fission in yeast
Bleazard, W., McCaffery, J. M., King, E. J., Bale, S., Mozdy, A. D., Tieu, Q., Nunnari, J. M., & Shaw, J. M. (1999) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/13014 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Machines that Divide and Fuse Mitochondria
Hoppins, S., Lackner, L., & Nunnari, J. (2007) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.071905.090048 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamics of mitochondrial morphology in healthy cells and during apoptosis
Karbowski, M., & Youle, R. J. (2003) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401260 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
A Human Dynamin-related Protein Controls the Distribution of Mitochondria
Смирнова, Е. А., Shurland, D., Ryazantsev, S. N., & van der Bliek, A. M. (1998) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.143.2.351 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Mitofusin 1 and 2 play distinct roles in mitochondrial fusion reactions via GTPase activity
Ishihara, N., Eura, Y., & Mihara, K. (2004) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.01565 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
C. elegans Dynamin-Related Protein DRP-1 Controls Severing of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
Labrousse, A. M., Zappaterra, M. D., Rube, D. A., & van der Bliek, A. M. (1999) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80391-3 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during apoptosis: the innocent bystander scenario
Chipuk, J. E., Bouchier-Hayes, L., & Green, D. R. (2006) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401963 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Bax and Bak in mitochondrial morphogenesis
Karbowski, M., Norris, K. L., Cleland, M. M., Jeong, S.-Y., & Youle, R. J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05111 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Dnm1 forms spirals that are structurally tailored to fit mitochondria
Ingerman, E., Perkins, E. M., Marino, M., Mears, J. A., McCaffery, J. M., Hinshaw, J. E., & Nunnari, J. (2005) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200506078 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial Fusion in Yeast Requires the Transmembrane GTPase Fzo1p
Hermann, G. J., Thatcher, J., Mills, J. P., Hales, K. G., Fuller, M., Nunnari, J., & Shaw, J. (1998) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.143.2.359 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Self-citationBreckenridge, D. G., Stojanovic, M., Marcellus, R. C., & Shore, G. C. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200212059 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Division versus Fusion: Dnm1p and Fzo1p Antagonistically Regulate Mitochondrial Shape
Sesaki, H., & Jensen, R. E. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.147.4.699 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Latrunculin alters the actin-monomer subunit interface to prevent polymerization
Morton, W. M., Ayscough, K. R., & McLaughlin, P. J. (2000) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/35014075 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Wasiak, S., Zunino, R., & McBride, H. M. (2007) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200610042 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Nunnari, J. M., Marshall, W. F., Straight, A. F., Murray, A., Sedat, J. W., & Walter, P. (1997) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.8.7.1233 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial Inner-Membrane Fusion and Crista Maintenance Requires the Dynamin-Related GTPase Mgm1
Meeusen, S., DeVay, R. M., Block, J., Cassidy-Stone, A., Wayson, S. M., McCaffery, J. M., & Nunnari, J. M. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.021 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial Fusion Intermediates Revealed in Vitro
Meeusen, S. L., McCaffery, J., & Nunnari, J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100612 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Self-citationKarbowski, M., Arnoult, D., Chen, H., Chan, D. C., Smith, C. L., & Youle, R. J. (2004) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200309082 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
MARCH‐V is a novel mitofusin 2‐ and Drp1‐binding protein able to change mitochondrial morphology
Nakamura, N., Kimura, Y. N., Tokuda, M., Honda, S., & Hirose, S. (2006) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400790 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
A Stapled BID BH3 Helix Directly Binds and Activates BAX
Walensky, L. D., Pitter, K., Morash, J., Oh, K. J., Barbuto, S., Fisher, J., Smith, E., Verdine, G. L., & Korsmeyer, S. J. (2006) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.08.020 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Sumo1 Conjugates Mitochondrial Substrates and Participates in Mitochondrial Fission
Harder, Z., Zunino, R., & McBride, H. M. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.004 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Fzo1, a Protein Involved in Mitochondrial Fusion, Inhibits Apoptosis
Sugioka, R., Shimizu, S., & Tsujimoto, Y. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m408910200 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Germain, M., Mathai, J. P., McBride, H. M., & Shore, G. C. (2005) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600592 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Estaquier, J., & Arnoult, D. (2007) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402107 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
DRP-1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation during EGL-1-induced cell death in C. elegans
Jagasia, R., Grote, P., Westermann, B., & Conradt, B. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03316 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Neuspiel, M., Zunino, R., Gangaraju, S., Rippstein, P. U., & McBride, H. M. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m501599200 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
How do Bax and Bak lead to permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane?
Antignani, A., & Youle, R. J. (2006) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.10.004 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Dynamin Self-assembly Stimulates Its GTPase Activity
Warnock, D. E., Hinshaw, J. E., & Schmid, S. L. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.37.22310 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationThe pleitropic drug ABC transporters from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Rogers, B. L., Decottignies, A., Kołaczkowski, M., Carvajal, E., Balzi, E., & Goffeau, A. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics and disease, OPA1
Olichon, A., Guillou, E., Delettre, C., Landes, T., Pelloquin, L., Emorine, L. J., Mils, V., Daloyau, M., Hamel, C., Amati‐Bonneau, P., et al. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.04.003 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Inhibiting the Mitochondrial Fission Machinery Does Not Prevent Bax/Bak-Dependent Apoptosis
Parone, P. A., James, D. I., Cruz, S. D., Mattenberger, Y., Donzé, O., Barja, F., & Martinou, J. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.02282-05 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Critical dependence of neurons on mitochondrial dynamics
Chen, H., & Chan, D. C. (2006) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.06.004 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Dynamin family of mechanoenzymes
Danino, D., & Hinshaw, J. E. (2001) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00236-2 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationRole for CED-9 and Egl-1 as Regulators of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion Dynamics
Delivani, P., Adrain, C., Taylor, R. C., Duriez, P. J., & Martin, S. J. (2006) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.034 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Temperature-sensitive yeast mutants defective in mitochondrial inheritance.
McConnell, S. J., Stewart, L. C., Talin, A. A., & Yaffe, M. P. (1990) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.111.3.967 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Disruption in Drosophila Apoptosis
Abdelwahid, E., Yokokura, T., Krieser, R. J., Balasundaram, S., Fowle, W. H., & White, K. (2007) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.04.004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Mdv1 Interacts with Assembled Dnm1 to Promote Mitochondrial Division
Naylor, K., Ingerman, E., Okreglak, V., Marino, M., Hinshaw, J. E., & Nunnari, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m507943200 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Mitochondrial Remodeling in Programmed Cell Death in Drosophila melanogaster
Goyal, G., Fell, B., Sarin, A., Youle, R. J., & Sriram, V. (2007) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.02.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Which came first, the cytochrome c release or the mitochondrial fission?
Martinou, J., & Youle, R. J. (2006) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401985 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Apoptosis: giving phosphatidylserine recognition an assist – with a twist
Fadok, V. A., & Henson, P. M. (2003) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00575-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Domain Interactions within Fzo1 Oligomers Are Essential for Mitochondrial Fusion
Griffin, E. E., & Chan, D. C. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m601847200 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Morphology of Mitochondria During Apoptosis: Worms-to-Beetles in Worms
Youle, R. J. (2005) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rolland, S. G. M., & Conradt, B. (2006) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401980 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mitochondria: In Sickness and in Health
Nunnari, J., & Suomalainen, A. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.035 · Cited by 3,479 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondria and cell death: outer membrane permeabilization and beyond
Tait, S. W. G., & Green, D. R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2952 · Cited by 2,593 · see citing works
Self-citationBhatti, J. S., Bhatti, G. K., & Reddy, P. H. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.010 · Cited by 1,655 · see citing works
The cell biology of mitochondrial membrane dynamics
Giacomello, M., Pyakurel, A., Glytsou, C., & Scorrano, L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0210-7 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics-fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy-in neurodegenerative diseases
Chen, H., & Chan, D. C. (2009) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp326 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Dynamics Controls T Cell Fate through Metabolic Programming
Buck, M. D., O’Sullivan, D., Geltink, R. I. K., Curtis, J. D., Chang, C., Sanin, D. E., Qiu, J., Kretz, O., Braas, D., van der Windt, G. J. W., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.035 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
Chipuk, J. E., Moldoveanu, T., Llambi, F., Parsons, M. J., & Green, D. R. (2010) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.025 · Cited by 1,432 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondria in Apoptosis: Bcl-2 Family Members and Mitochondrial Dynamics
Martinou, J., & Youle, R. J. (2011) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.017 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics in health and disease: mechanisms and potential targets
Chen, W., Zhao, H., & Li, Y. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01547-9 · Cited by 1,306 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis
Suen, D.-F., Norris, K. L., & Youle, R. J. (2008) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1658508 · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Recent advances.
Wang, W., Zhao, F., Ma, X., Perry, G., & Zhu, X. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00376-6 · Cited by 1,274 · see citing works
Fusion and fission: interlinked processes critical for mitochondrial health
Chan, D. C. (2012) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132529 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of immunity
Mills, E. L., Kelly, B., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2017) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3704 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
Cytochrome c: functions beyond respiration
Ow, Y.-L. P., Green, D. R., Hao, Z., & Mak, T. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2434 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial Dynamics — Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion in Human Diseases
Archer, S. L. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1215233 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Ishihara, N., Nomura, M., Jofuku, A., Kato, H., Suzuki, S. O., Masuda, K., Otera, H., Nakanishi, Y., Nonaka, I., Goto, Y.-I., et al. (2009) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1907 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts: Function of the junction
Rowland, A. A., & Voeltz, G. K. (2012) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3440 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Inhibiting Mitochondrial Fission Protects the Heart Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Ong, S.-B., Subrayan, S., Lim, S. Y., Yellon, D. M., Davidson, S. M., & Hausenloy, D. J. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.906610 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Fundamental Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death and Implications for Heart Disease
Re, D. P. D., Amgalan, D., Linkermann, A., Liu, Q., & Kitsis, R. N. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2018 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mammalian Health and Disease
Liesa, M., Palacín, M., & Zorzano, A. (2009) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2008 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
Bax, Bak and beyond — mitochondrial performance in apoptosis
Peña‐Blanco, A., & García‐Sáez, A. J. (2017) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.14186 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Jiang, H., Chen, S., Du, F., & Wang, X. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.030 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Quirós, P. M., Prado, M. A., Zamboni, N., D’Amico, D., Williams, R. W., Finley, D., Gygi, S. P., & Auwerx, J. (2017) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201702058 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Fission and FusionPreprint
van der Bliek, A. M., Shen, Q., & Kawajiri, S. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011072 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Pernas, L. F., & Scorrano, L. (2015) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105011 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics regulates migration and invasion of breast cancer cells
Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Yu, M., Xie, Y., Huang, Y., Wolff, D. W., Abel, P. W., & Tu, Y. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2012.494 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in acute kidney injury in cell culture and rodent models
Brooks, C., Wei, Q., Cho, S.-G., & Dong, Z. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci37829 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Cellular mitophagy: Mechanism, roles in diseases and small molecule pharmacological regulation
Lü, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, T., Liu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.79876 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
The dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 is required for embryonic and brain development in mice
Wakabayashi, J., Zhang, Z., Wakabayashi, N., Tamura, Y., Fukaya, M., Kensler, T. W., Iijima, M., & Sesaki, H. (2009) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200903065 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Multiple Functions of BCL-2 Family ProteinsPreprint
Hardwick, J. M., & Soane, L. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a008722 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and neurodegenerative disorders
Burté, F., Carelli, V., Chinnery, P. F., & Yu‐Wai‐Man, P. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.228 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease
Misrani, A., Tabassum, S., & Yang, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.617588 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Jheng, H.-F., Tsai, P.-J., Guo, S.-M., Kuo, L.-H., Chang, C.-S., Su, I.-J., Chang, C.-R., & Tsai, Y.-S. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.05603-11 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Metabolic control of cell death
Green, D. R., Galluzzi, L., & Kroemer, G. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1250256 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Self-citationMitra, K., Wunder, C., Roysam, B., Lin, G., & Lippincott‐Schwartz, J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904875106 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
The mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis
Estaquier, J., Vallette, F., Vayssiere, J.-L., & Mignotte, B. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2869-1_7 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Roca, F. J., & Ramakrishnan, L. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.022 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging
Harrington, J. S., Ryter, S. W., Plataki, M. E., Price, D. R., & Choi, A. M. K. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00058.2021 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiological implications
Rovira-Llopis, S., Bañuls, C., Diaz-Morales, N., Hernandez-Mijares, A., Rocha, M., & Victor, V. M. (2017) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.013 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Joshi, A. U., Minhas, P. S., Liddelow, S. A., Haileselassie, B., Andreasson, K. I., Dorn, G. W., & Mochly-Rosen, D. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0486-0 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Bordt, E. A., Clerc, P., Roelofs, B. A., Saladino, A. J., Tretter, L., Ádám‐Vizi, V., Cherok, E., Khalil, A., Yadava, N., Ge, S. X., et al. (2017) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.020 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Inhibition of mitochondrial fission prevents cell cycle progression in lung cancer
Rehman, J., Zhang, H. J., Tóth, P. T., Zhang, Y., Marsboom, G., Hong, Z., Salgia, R., Husain, A. N., Wietholt, C., & Archer, S. L. (2012) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.11-196543 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Endogenous Drp1 Mediates Mitochondrial Autophagy and Protects the Heart Against Energy Stress
Ikeda, Y., Shirakabe, A., Maejima, Y., Zhai, P., Sciarretta, S., Toli, J., Nomura, M., Mihara, K., Egashira, K., Ohishi, M., et al. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.303356 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Basit, F., van Oppen, L. M. P. E., Schöckel, L., Bossenbroek, H. M., Vries, S. E. V. E., Hermeling, J. C., Grefte, S., Kopitz, C., Héroult, M., Willems, P. H. G. M., et al. (2017) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.133 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Asymmetric apportioning of aged mitochondria between daughter cells is required for stemness
Katajisto, P., Döhla, J., Chaffer, C. L., Pentinmikko, N., Marjanovic, N. D., Iqbal, S., Zoncu, R., Chen, W. W., Weinberg, R. A., & Sabatini, D. M. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260384 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Mitochondria: The Next (Neurode)Generation
Schon, E. A., & Przedborski, S. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.003 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Fis1 and Bap31 bridge the mitochondria–ER interface to establish a platform for apoptosis induction
Iwasawa, R., Mahul‐Mellier, A., Datler, C., Pazarentzos, E., & Grimm, S. (2011) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2010.346 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
α-Synuclein Is Localized to Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes
Guardia-Laguarta, C., Area-Gómez, E., Rüb, C., Liu, Y.-H., Magrané, J., Becker, D., Voos, W., Schon, E., & Przedborski, S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2507-13.2014 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Mitochondrial quality control in kidney injury and repair
Tang, C., Cai, J., Yin, X., Weinberg, J. M., Venkatachalam, M. A., & Dong, Z. (2020) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-020-00369-0 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Inducible proteolytic inactivation of OPA1 mediated by the OMA1 protease in mammalian cells
Head, B., Griparic, L., Amiri, M., Gandre-Babbe, S., & van der Bliek, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200906083 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Mitochondria and Endothelial Function
Kluge, M. A., Fetterman, J. L., & Vita, J. A. (2013) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.300233 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Smith, R. A. J., Hartley, R. C., Cochemé, H. M., & Murphy, M. P. (2012) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.010 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
New insights into the function and regulation of mitochondrial fission
Otera, H., Ishihara, N., & Mihara, K. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.002 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Marsboom, G., Tóth, P. T., Ryan, J. J., Hong, Z., Wu, X., Fang, Y.-H., Thenappan, T., Piao, L. H., Zhang, H. J., Pogoriler, J. E., et al. (2012) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.263848 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Regulating the Unique Phenotypes of Cancer and Stem Cells
Chen, H., & Chan, D. C. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.016 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Chipuk, J. E., McStay, G. P., Bharti, A., Kuwana, T., Clarke, C. J., Siskind, L. J., Obeid, L. M., & Green, D. R. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.038 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel Drp1 inhibitor diminishes aberrant mitochondrial fission and neurotoxicity
Qi, X., Qvit, N., Su, Y.-C., & Mochly‐Rosen, D. (2012) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.114439 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial dynamics-The cancer connection
Srinivasan, S., Guha, M., Kashina, A., & Avadhani, N. G. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.004 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Mitochondrial OPA1, apoptosis, and heart failure
Chen, L., Gong, Q., Stice, J. P., & Knowlton, A. A. (2009) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvp181 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Mitochondria: from cell death executioners to regulators of cell differentiation
Kasahara, A., & Scorrano, L. (2014) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2014.08.005 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Membrane Remodeling Induced by the Dynamin-Related Protein Drp1 Stimulates Bax Oligomerization
Montessuit, S., Somasekharan, S. P., Terrones, O., Lucken‐Ardjomande, S., Herzig, S., Schwarzenbacher, R., Manstein, D. J., Bossy‐Wetzel, E., Basáñez, G., Meda, P., et al. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.017 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Huang, Q., Zhan, L., Cao, H., Li, J., Lyu, Y., Guo, X., Zhang, J., Ji, L., Ren, T., An, J., et al. (2016) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2016.1166318 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Serasinghe, M. N., Wieder, S. Y., Renault, T. T., Elkholi, R., Asciolla, J. J., Yao, J. L., Jabado, O., Hoehn, K. L., Kageyama, Y., Sesaki, H., et al. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.01.003 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacological approaches to restore mitochondrial function
Andreux, P. A., Houtkooper, R. H., & Auwerx, J. (2013) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4023 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Mitochondrial fission promotes the continued clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages
Wang, Y., Subramanian, M., Yurdagul, A., Barbosa-Lorenzi, V. C., Cai, B., de Juan-Sanz, J., Ryan, T. A., Nomura, M., Maxfield, F. R., & Tabas, I. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.041 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics in neurodegeneration and neuronal plasticity
Bertholet, A. M., Delerue, T., Millet, A. M., Moulis, M. F., David, C., Daloyau, M., Arnauné-Pelloquin, L., Davezac, N., Mils, V., Miquel, M. C., et al. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.011 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Li, J., Donath, S., Li, Y., Qin, D., Prabhakar, B. S., & Li, P. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000795 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Sharp, W. W., Fang, Y.-H., Han, M., Zhang, H. J., Hong, Z.-G., Banathy, A., Morrow, E., Ryan, J., & Archer, S. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.12-226225 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Elfawy, H. A., & Das, B. B. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.029 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Cheng, G., Kong, R., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02025.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Inhibition of Drp1 provides neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo
Grohm, J., Kim, S.-W., Mamrak, U., Tobaben, S., Cassidy-Stone, A., Nunnari, J. M., Plesnila, N., & Culmsee, C. (2012) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2012.18 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationRepairing mitochondrial dysfunction in disease
Sorrentino, V., Menzies, K. J., & Auwerx, J. (2018) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104908 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Disatnik, M., Ferreira, J. C. B., Campos, J. C., Gomes, M. K., Dourado, P. M. M., Qi, X., & Mochly‐Rosen, D. (2013) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.113.000461 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Mitochondrial fragmentation limits NK cell-based tumor immunosurveillance
Zheng, X., Qian, Y., Fu, B., Jiao, D., Jiang, Y., Chen, P., Shen, Y., Zhang, H., Sun, R., Tian, Z., et al. (2019) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0511-1 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Mitochondrial morphology and cardiovascular disease
Ong, S., & Hausenloy, D. J. (2010) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq237 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Wang, W., Wang, X., Fujioka, H., Hoppel, C. L., Whone, A. L., Caldwell, M. A., Cullen, P. J., Liu, J., & Zhu, X. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3983 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Abrogating Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mouse Hearts Accelerates Mitochondrial Senescence
Song, M., Franco, A., Fleischer, J. A., Zhang, L., & Dorn, G. W. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.023 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The pharmacological regulation of cellular mitophagy
Georgakopoulos, N., Wells, G., & Campanella, M. (2017) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2287 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
How mitochondrial dynamism orchestrates mitophagy
Shirihai, O. S., Song, M., & Dorn, G. W. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.306374 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The role of mitochondrial fission in cardiovascular health and disease
Quiles, J. M., & Gustafsson, Å. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-022-00703-y · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Bax regulates primary necrosis through mitochondrial dynamics
Whelan, R. S., Konstantinidis, K., Wei, A.-C., Chen, Y., Reyna, D. E., Jha, S., Yang, Y., Calvert, J. W., Lindsten, T., Thompson, C. B., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1201608109 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and neurodegenerative diseases
Su, B., Wang, X., Zheng, L., Perry, G. L., Smith, M. A., & Zhu, X. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.09.013 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Nair, S., Sobotka, K. S., Joshi, P., Gressèns, P., Fleiss, B., Thornton, C., Mallard, C. E., & Hagberg, H. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23587 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics in postmitotic cells regulate neurogenesis
Iwata, R., Casimir, P., & Vanderhaeghen, P. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba9760 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dynamics modulate the expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators in microglial cells
Park, J., Choi, H., Min, J., Park, S., Kim, J., Park, H., Kim, B., Chae, J., Yim, M., & Lee, D. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12361 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Zhao, T., Wu, W., Sui, L., Huang, Q., Nan, Y., Liu, J., & Ai, K. (2021) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.006 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Baek, S. H., Park, S. J., Jeong, J. I., Kim, S. H., Han, J., Kyung, J. W., Baik, S.-H., Choi, Y., Choi, B. Y., Park, J. S., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2385-16.2017 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Quality Control as a Therapeutic Target
Suliman, H. B., & Piantadosi, C. A. (2015) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.115.011502 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Bax- or Bak-Induced Mitochondrial Fission Can Be Uncoupled from Cytochrome c Release
Sheridan, C., Delivani, P., Cullen, S. P., & Martin, S. J. (2008) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.08.002 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Zhou, J., Li, G.-B., Zheng, Y., Shen, H.-M., Hu, X.-Y., Ming, Q.-L., Huang, C., Li, P., & Gao, N. (2015) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1056970 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Mitochondria Damage and Kidney Disease
Duann, P., & Lin, P. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_27 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Rationale for Bioenergetics Based Therapies
Onyango, I. G., Dennis, J., & Khan, S. M. (2016) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2015.1007 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Ramachandran, A., McGill, M. R., Xie, Y., Ni, H., Ding, W., & Jaeschke, H. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26547 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Moore, A. S., Wong, Y., Simpson, C., & Holzbaur, E. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12886 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms and physiologic functions of mitochondrial dynamics
Otera, H., & Mihara, K. (2011) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvr002 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Impairing the Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion Balance: A New Mechanism of Neurodegeneration
Knott, A. B., & Bossy‐Wetzel, E. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1427.030 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
An Overview: The Diversified Role of Mitochondria in Cancer Metabolism
Liu, Y., Sun, Y., Guo, Y., Shi, X., Chen, X., Feng, W., Wu, L., Zhang, J., Yu, S., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.81609 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy: the beginning and end to diabetic nephropathy?
Higgins, G. C., & Coughlan, M. T. (2013) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12503 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Escoll, P., Song, O., Viana, F., Steiner, B., Lagache, T., Olivo‐Marín, J., Impens, F., Brodin, P. M., Hilbi, H., & Buchrieser, C. (2017) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.020 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Listeria monocytogenes transiently alters mitochondrial dynamics during infection
Stavru, F., Bouillaud, F., Sartori-Rupp, A., Ricquier, D., & Cossart, P. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1100126108 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cassidy-Stone, A., Chipuk, J. E., Ingerman, E., Song, C., Yoo, C., Kuwana, T., Kurth, M. J., Shaw, J. T., Hinshaw, J. E., Green, D. R., & Nunnari, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nunnari, Jodi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Developmental Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 193-204
- ISSN
- 1534-5807 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2267902
- OpenAlex
- W2059009119
- Cited by
- 1,200
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 17.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- National Institutes of Health (AI40646, 1 R01 EY015924, CA69301, GM52735)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- mitochondrial division, dynamin, Mdivi-1, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, Bax, Bak, Bid, cytochrome c release, apoptosis, Drp1, chemical inhibitors, stroke, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Flow Cytometry, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mitochondria, Permeability, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Structure-Activity Relationship, Apoptosis, COS Cells, Dynamins, bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Mitochondrial Membranes, Quinazolinones
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review