Metabolic reprogramming in triple-negative breast cancer
Open accessAbstract
Since triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was first defined over a decade ago, increasing studies have focused on its genetic and molecular characteristics. Patients diagnosed with TNBC, compared to those diagnosed with other breast cancer subtypes, have relatively poor outcomes due to high tumor aggressiveness and lack of targeted treatment. Metabolic reprogramming, an emerging hallmark of cancer, is hijacked by TNBC to fulfill bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands; maintain the redox balance; and further promote oncogenic signaling, cell proliferation, and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms of metabolic remodeling may guide the design of metabolic strategies for the effective intervention of TNBC. Here, we review the metabolic reprogramming of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and other branched pathways in TNBC and explore opportunities for new biomarkers, imaging modalities, and metabolically targeted therapies.
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Modulation of cancer-specific metabolic adaptations weakens malignant cells and widens the therapeutic window for effective treatment of TNBC patients.
“The modulation of cancer-specific metabolic adaptations weakens the malignant cells and widens the therapeutic window for effective treatment of TNBC patients (Lanning et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020).”
From An Arthropod Hormone, Ecdysterone, Inhibits the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells via Different Mechanisms (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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Onodera, Y., Nam, J., & Bissell, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci63146 · Cited by 209 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, decreasing glucose uptake in breast cancer cells suppresses these oncogenic pathways and promotes the formation of organized structures 20 .”
BackgroundRole of ferritin alterations in human breast cancer cells
Shpyleva, S., Tryndyak, V., Kovalchuk, O., Starlard‐Davenport, A., Chekhun, V. F., Beland, F. A., & Pogribny, I. P. (2010) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-010-0849-4 · Cited by 205 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some TNBC cell lines show aberrantly increased heavy subunits of ferritin in the nucleus, where it can act as a GSH-independent anti-oxidative system, protecting the DNA from damage by oxidizing Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ to mitigate ROS stress after exposure to UV 99,100 .”
BackgroundBrown, K. K., Spinelli, J. B., Asara, J. M., & Toker, A. (2017) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0611 · Cited by 198 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Exposure to doxorubicin likely stimulates pyrimidine synthesis by regulating the post-translational modification of CAD and its activity, whereas inhibiting DHODH sensitizes TNBC cells to doxorubicin and significantly induces the regression of TNBC xenografts 115 .”
BackgroundAn Integrated Genomic Screen Identifies LDHB as an Essential Gene for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
McCleland, M. L., Adler, A. S., Shang, Y., Hunsaker, T., Truong, T., Peterson, D., Torres, E., Li, L., Haley, B., Stéphan, J.-P., et al. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1098 · Cited by 192 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Enzymes that are upregulated in TNBC are shown as light-yellow ovals, and enzymes downregulated in TNBC are shown as gray ovals. tumor microenvironment 9,11 .”
BackgroundHasegawa, M., Takahashi, H., Rajabi, H. N., Alam, M., Suzuki, Y., Li, Y., Tagde, A., Maeda, T., Hiraki, M., Sukhatme, V. P., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7598 · Cited by 189 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Meanwhile, mucin 1 (MUC1), a transmembrane glycoprotein that is aberrantly overexpressed in TNBC, binds directly to the intracellular domain of CD44v and further promotes the stability of xCT 43 .”
BackgroundLampa, M., Arlt, H., He, T., Ospina, B., Reeves, J., Zhang, B., Murtie, J. C., Deng, G., Barberis, C., Hoffmann, D., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185092 · Cited by 166 · cited 12× · see citing works
“Compared with other breast cancer subtypes, TNBC is more glutamine dependent and susceptible to glutaminolysis-targeting therapeutics because of the overexpression of GLS 30,31 , which is associated with high-grade metastatic breast cancer 32 .”
BackgroundInfluentialAntalis, C. J., Arnold, T. S., Rasool, T., Lee, B., Buhman, K. K., & Siddiqui, R. A. (2009) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0594-8 · Cited by 165 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Meanwhile, elevated activity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), caveolin-1, and cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in TNBC is associated with greater uptake and utilization of cholesterol 87 .”
BackgroundMetabolic characterization of triple negative breast cancer
Cao, M. D., Lamichhane, S., Lundgren, S., Bofin, A. M., Fjøsne, H. E., Giskeødegård, G. F., & Bathen, T. F. (2014) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-941 · Cited by 165 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Metabolomics analysis also reveals a low level of glutamine and a high level of glutamate in TNBC, indicating enhanced glutaminolysis 29 .”
BackgroundAssociation of FABP5 Expression With Poor Survival in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Liu, R., Graham, K., Glubrecht, D. D., Germain, D. R., Mackey, J. R., & Godbout, R. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.075 · Cited by 163 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They promote cell proliferation by enhancing fatty acid uptake and activating the retinoic acid pathway 84,85 .”
BackgroundPHD3 Loss in Cancer Enables Metabolic Reliance on Fatty Acid Oxidation via Deactivation of ACC2
German, N. J., Yoon, H., Yusuf, R. Z., Murphy, J. P., Finley, L. W. S., Laurent, G., Haas, W., Satterstrom, F. K., Guarnerio, J., Zaganjor, E., et al. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.08.014 · Cited by 156 · cited 14× · see citing works
“Myc-overexpressing TNBC shows upregulated CPT activity and increased bioenergetic reliance on FAO through targeted metabolomics analysis 74 .”
BackgroundInfluentialWu, X., Li, X., Fu, Q., Cao, Q., Chen, X., Wang, M., Yu, J. Z., Long, J., Yao, J., Liu, H., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20160903 · Cited by 154 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…1 member B1 (AKR1B1) is activated in TNBC by Twist2, an inducer of EMT, and the accumulation of its major metabolite PGF2 α , in turn, activates NF-κ B signaling to upregulate Twist2 expression, which eventually forms a positive feedback loop to enhance the CSC properties in TNBC 88 ( Figure 2 ).”
BackgroundGSTP1 Is a Driver of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Metabolism and Pathogenicity
Louie, S. M., Grossman, E. A., Crawford, L. A., Ding, L., Camarda, R., Huffman, T. R., Miyamoto, D. K., Goga, A., Weerapana, E., & Nomura, D. K. (2016) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.03.017 · Cited by 145 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This energy reduction ultimately blocks oncogenic signaling through the activation of AMPK and the inhibition of mTOR signaling 21 .”
BackgroundRB1 deficiency in triple-negative breast cancer induces mitochondrial protein translation
Jones, R. A., Robinson, T., Liu, J. C., Shrestha, M., Voisin, V., Ju, Y., Chung, P. E. D., Pellecchia, G., Fell, V. L., Bae, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci81568 · Cited by 145 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, loss of the tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma gene ( RB1 ) in TNBC induces mitochondrial protein translation, OXPHOS, and anabolic metabolism, thus equipping cancer cells to utilize scant oxygen levels and migrate away from the hypoxic area 108,109 .”
BackgroundSwitzer, C. H., Glynn, S. A., Cheng, R. Y.-S., Ridnour, L. A., Green, J. E., Ambs, S., & Wink, D. A. (2012) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0124 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Zacksenhaus, E., Shrestha, M., Liu, J. C., Vorobieva, I., Chung, P. E. D., Ju, Y., Nir, U., & Jiang, Z. (2017) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2017.09.002 · Cited by 141 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, loss of the tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma gene ( RB1 ) in TNBC induces mitochondrial protein translation, OXPHOS, and anabolic metabolism, thus equipping cancer cells to utilize scant oxygen levels and migrate away from the hypoxic area 108,109 .”
BackgroundMathur, D., Stratikopoulos, E., Ozturk, S., Steinbach, N., Pegno, S., Schoenfeld, S., Yong, R., Murty, V. V., Asara, J. M., Cantley, L. C., et al. (2017) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0612 · Cited by 139 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, leflunomide induces the depletion of nucleotides and the accumulation of DNA damage during replication, leading to synthetic lethality in TNBC cells with the loss of PTEN, which is vital for DNA repair activity 116 .”
BackgroundAnsari, R. E., Craze, M. L., Miligy, I. M., Diez, M., Nolan, C. C., Ellis, I. O., Rakha, E. A., & Green, A. R. (2018) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-018-0946-6 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Tseng, C.-W., Kuo, W., Chan, S., Chan, H., Chang, K., & Wang, L. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2906 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Gautam, J., Banskota, S., Regmi, S. C., Ahn, S., Jeon, Y. H., Jeong, H., Kim, S. J., Nam, T. G., Jeong, B., & Kim, J. (2016) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0559-6 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Witkiewicz, A. K., Dasgupta, A., Sammons, S., Er, O. S., Potoczek, M., Guiles, F., Sotgia, F., Brody, J. R., Mitchell, E. P., & Lisanti, M. P. (2010) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.4161/cbt.10.2.11983 · Cited by 127 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The tumor microenvironment and the different cells in this microenvironment are often modified by the dysregulated metabolism of tumor cells to further facilitate tumor growth in a symbiotic manner 131-133 .”
BackgroundLanzardo, S., Conti, L., Rooke, R., Ruiu, R., Accart, N., Bolli, E., Arigoni, M., Macagno, M., Barrera, G., Pizzimenti, S., et al. (2015) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1208 · Cited by 127 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Silencing of xCT impairs tumorsphere formation and the redox balance in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) 31,40 .”
BackgroundPalaskas, N. J., Larson, S. M., Schultz, N. D., Komisopoulou, E., Wong, J., Rohle, D., Campos, C., Yannuzzi, N. A., Osborne, J. R., Linkov, I., et al. (2011) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4633 · Cited by 123 · cited 12× · see citing works
“Compared with other breast cancer subtypes, TNBC is more glutamine dependent and susceptible to glutaminolysis-targeting therapeutics because of the overexpression of GLS 30,31 , which is associated with high-grade metastatic breast cancer 32 .”
BackgroundInfluentialMetabotropic glutamate receptor-1: a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer
Speyer, C. L., Smith, J. S., Banda, M., DeVries, J. A., Mekani, T., & Gorski, D. H. (2011) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1624-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Hickok, J. R., Vasudevan, D., Antholine, W. E., & Thomas, D. D. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.432294 · Cited by 120 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, NO can directly inhibit the catalytic activity of the demethylase KDM3A; thereby, it alters cellular histone methylation patterns 67 , leading to changes in the expression levels of numerous oncogenes such as Ets-1 68 .”
BackgroundDoyen, J., Trastour, C., Ettore, F., Peyrottes, I., Toussant, N., Gal, J., Ilc, K., Roux, D., Parks, S. K., Ferrero, J.-M., et al. (2014) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.050 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Enzymes that are upregulated in TNBC are shown as light-yellow ovals, and enzymes downregulated in TNBC are shown as gray ovals. tumor microenvironment 9,11 .”
BackgroundStrekalova, E., Malin, D., Good, D. M., & Cryns, V. L. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2792 · Cited by 107 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The depletion of either methionine or glutamine can increase the cell surface expression of pro-apoptotic TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) and sensitize TNBC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis 71,72 .”
BackgroundTargeting lactate transport suppressesin vivobreast tumour growth
Morais-Santos, F., Granja, S., Miranda‐Gonçalves, V., Moreira, A. H. J., Queirós, S., Vilaça, J. L., Schmitt, F. C., Longatto‐Filho, A., Paredes, J., Baltazar, F., et al. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3910 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Disruption of lactate transport impairs tumor growth in vitro and in vivo , accompanied by reduced tumor aggressiveness 12 .”
BackgroundWahdan-Alaswad, R. S., Cochrane, D. R., Spoelstra, N. S., Howe, E. N., Edgerton, S. M., Anderson, S. M., Thor, A. D., & Richer, J. K. (2014) · Hormones and Cancer · doi:10.1007/s12672-014-0188-8 · Cited by 104 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, blocking FASN and lipogenesis by metformin or EGCG also induces antitumor effects on TNBC 81,82 , suggesting an intricate role of FAS in cancer cells.”
BackgroundCaloric restriction augments radiation efficacy in breast cancer
Saleh, A. D., Simone, B. A., Palazzo, J., Savage, J. E., Sano, Y., Dan, T., Jin, L., Champ, C. E., Zhao, S., Lim, M. K., et al. (2013) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.25016 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other dietary modifications, such as caloric restriction, also cause tumor regression in combination with radiation 130 .”
Dong, T., Liu, Z., Xuan, Q., Wang, Z., Ma, W., & Zhang, Q. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06378-7 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Either tumoral LDH-A or LDH-B is closely associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with TNBC 9,10 .”
BackgroundZhou, R., Pantel, A. R., Li, S., Lieberman, B. P., Plöessl, K., Choi, H., Blankemeyer, E. R., Lee, H. S., Kung, H. F., Mach, R. H., et al. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1945 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Prognostic relevance of glycosylation-associated genes in breast cancer
Milde‐Langosch, K., Karn, T., Schmidt, M., zu Eulenburg, C., Oliveira‐Ferrer, L., Wirtz, R. M., Schumacher, U., Witzel, I., Schütze, D., & Müller, V. (2014) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-014-2949-z · Cited by 98 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Dysregulation of protein glycosylation, resulting from an increased flux of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), contributes to breast tumor progression or metastasis 113 .”
BackgroundMethionine deprivation suppresses triple-negative breast cancer metastasisin vitroandin vivo
Jeon, H., Kim, J. H., Lee, E., Jang, Y. J., Kwon, J. Y., Kwon, J. Y., Kim, S., Kim, S., Park, J. H. Y., Kim, J.-E., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.11615 · Cited by 98 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…methionine, and glutamine metabolism are also essential for modulating the metastasis, stemness, and apoptosis of TNBC. Dietary restriction or otherwise inhibiting the synthesis of these amino acids has tumor-suppressing effects, which is discussed later in the section of clinical practice 70-73 .”
BackgroundGlutaminase isoenzymes in the metabolic therapy of cancer
Matés, J. M., Campos-Sandoval, J. A., & Márquez, J. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.007 · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several small-molecule inhibitors of GLS, such as CB-839, BPTES, and compound 968 33 normoxic condition, HIF-1 α is hydroxylated and subsequently degraded by PHD2 in an α -KG- and cysteine-dependent manner.”
BackgroundO’Neill, S., Porter, R. K., McNamee, N., Martinez, V. G., & O’Driscoll, L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39789-9 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…from OXPHOS to glycolysis, and glycolytic inhibitor can indeed significantly suppress the aggressiveness and CSC phenotype of TNBC cells 101 , it is noteworthy that inhibition of glycolysis also promotes the transition of BCSC in TNBC from a quiescent, mesenchymal-like state…”
BackgroundRicciardiello, F., Votta, G., Palorini, R., Raccagni, I., Brunelli, L., Paiotta, A., Tinelli, F., D’Orazio, G., Valtorta, S., GIOIA, L. D., et al. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0405-4 · Cited by 92 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A novel inhibitor of the HBP enzyme PGM3, FR054, reduces both N-and O-glycosylation levels to regulate cell adhesion and migration, impairing tumor growth in vivo 114 .”
BackgroundGarrido, P., Shalaby, A. M., Walsh, E. M., Keane, N., Webber, M., Keane, M., Sullivan, F. J., Kerin, M. J., Callagy, G. M., Ryan, A. E., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19631 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Preclinical Evaluation of Fatty Acid Synthase and EGFR Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Giró‐Perafita, A., Palomeras, S., Lum, D. H., Blancafort, A., Viñas, G., Oliveras, G., Pérez-Bueno, F., Sarrats, A., Welm, A. L., & Puig, T. (2016) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-3133 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Loss of GLUT4 Induces Metabolic Reprogramming and Impairs Viability of Breast Cancer Cells
Garrido, P., Osorio, F. G., Morán, J., Cabello, E., Alonso, A., Freije, J. M. P., & González, C. (2014) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.24698 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Knocking down GLUT4 diminishes glucose uptake and lactate release, thus normalizing the metabolism of cancer by reallocating the glycolytic flux to OXPHOS, which leads to compromised cell proliferation and viability under hypoxia 8 .”
BackgroundThewes, V., Simon, R., Hlevnjak, M., Schlotter, M., Schroeter, P., Schmidt, K. V., Wu, Y., Anzeneder, T., Wang, W., Windisch, P. Y., et al. (2017) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2017.32 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis is a targetable metabolic vulnerability of cancer stem cells
Strekalova, E., Malin, D., Weisenhorn, E., Russell, J. D., Hoelper, D., Jain, A. Y., Coon, J. J., Lewis, P. W., & Cryns, V. L. (2019) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-019-05146-7 · Cited by 85 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Limiting dietary methionine induces MAT2A expression in TNBC as an adaptive response; therefore, the combination of methionine restriction and the MAT2A inhibitor cycloleucine has a synergistic antitumor effect 128 .”
BackgroundCystine addiction of triple-negative breast cancer associated with EMT augmented death signaling
Tang, X., Ding, C.-K., Wu, J., Sjol, J., Wardell, S. E., Spasojević, I., George, D. J., McDonnell, D. P., Hsu, D. S., Chang, J. T., et al. (2016) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2016.394 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…starvation induces mitochondrial fragmentation and ROS production, leading to necroptosis and ferroptosis in BLBC cells via the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ) and MEKK4-p38-Noxa pathways, while luminal-type breast cancer, without activation of these pathways, is cystine independent 48,49 .”
BackgroundHuang, Q., Stalnecker, C. A., Zhang, C., McDermott, L. A., Iyer, P. C., O’Neill, J., Reimer, S., Cerione, R. A., & Katt, W. P. (2018) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m117.810101 · Cited by 83 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other combination therapies, such as the combination of GLS inhibition and bevacizumab (an anti-angiogenesis monoclonal antibody that targets VEGF), also exhibit antitumor effects on TNBC 124 .”
BackgroundAvanzato, D., Pupo, E., Ducano, N., Isella, C., Bertalot, G., Luise, C., Pece, S., Bruna, A., Rueda, O. M., Caldas, C., et al. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3018 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The EGFR signaling, frequently active in TNBC, triggers the expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2) and stabilizes GLUT1 on the cell membrane 13 , whereas it reduces the activity of PKM2 14 , thus causing an accumulation of the glycolytic intermediate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP).”
BackgroundMetabolic changes associated with methionine stress sensitivity in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells
Borrego, S. L., Fahrmann, J. F., Datta, R., Stringari, C., Grapov, D., Zeller, M. D., Chen, Y., Wang, P., Baldi, P., Gratton, E., et al. (2016) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0148-6 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, many tumor and stem cells depend on the biosynthesis of the universal methyl-donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from exogenous methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase 2 α (MAT2A) to maintain their epigenome 126,127 .”
BackgroundSerine Synthesis Helps Hypoxic Cancer Stem Cells Regulate Redox
Samanta, D., & Semenza, G. L. (2016) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1730 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), as a key enzyme in the first step of serine synthesis, is overexpressed in both TNBC and BLBC, in part, because of copy number amplification 50,51 .”
BackgroundHe, J., Zhang, F., Tay, L. W. R., Boroda, S., Nian, W., Levental, K. R., Levental, I., Harris, T. E., Chang, J. T., & Du, G. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201601353r · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cao, Q., Chen, X., Wu, X., Liao, R., Huang, P., Tan, Y., Wang, L., Ren, G., Huang, J., & Dong, C. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20172048 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hong, S.-P., Cw, P., Kim, S. W., Nam, Y. J., Yu, J. H., Shin, J. H., Yun, C. H., Im, S., Kim, K.-T., Sung, Y. C., et al. (2015) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2015.415 · Cited by 71 · cited 2× · see citing works
“PFKFB4 phosphorylates oncogenic steroid receptor coactivator-3 (Src-3) and enhances its transcriptional activity, which leads to the upregulation of transketolase (TKT), a major enzyme that mediates the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), thus shunting glycolytic flux into the PPP for purine synthesis 22 .”
BackgroundHumbert, O., Riedinger, J., Charon‐Barra, C., Berriolo-Riedinger, A., Desmoulins, I., Lorgis, V., Kanoun, S., Coutant, C., Fumoleau, P., Cochet, A., et al. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0384 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Because of the significantly higher uptake of glucose and the glucose analogue 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), 18F-FDG PET/CT is used for early determination of TNBC sensitivity to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and for prediction of recurrence after surgery 118,119 .”
BackgroundLiu, R., Graham, K., Glubrecht, D. D., Lai, R. L., Mackey, J. R., & Godbout, R. (2012) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.4001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Shi, X., Li, Y., Fan, J., Zeng, X. L., Xian, Z., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Wang, S., Song, P., et al. (2014) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.503 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The depletion of arginine by recombinant human arginase (rhArg) leads to TNBC cell apoptosis via ROS and induces adaptive autophagy, whereas blocking autophagic flux by autophagy-targeting drugs potentiates the cytotoxicity of rhArg 129 .”
BackgroundSpeyer, C. L., Hachem, A. H., Assi, A. A., Johnson, J. S., DeVries, J. A., & Gorski, D. H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088830 · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These tumor-promoting effects can be blocked by riluzole, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 45-47 .”
BackgroundVasudevan, D., Hickok, J. R., Bovee, R. C., Pham, V., Mantell, L. L., Bahroos, N., Kanabar, P. N., Cao, X.-J., Maienschein‐Cline, M., Garcia, B. A., et al. (2015) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1582 · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, NO can directly inhibit the catalytic activity of the demethylase KDM3A; thereby, it alters cellular histone methylation patterns 67 , leading to changes in the expression levels of numerous oncogenes such as Ets-1 68 .”
BackgroundRogers, T. J., Christenson, J. L., Greene, L. I., O’Neill, K. I., Williams, M. M., Gordon, M. A., Nemkov, T. G., D’Alessandro, A., Degala, G. D., Shin, J., et al. (2018) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0246 · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Mechanistically, the increased kynurenine generated by TDO2 activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an endogenous kynurenine receptor, thus facilitating the proliferation, invasion, and metastatic capacity of TNBC 58,59 .”
BackgroundDeciphering metabolic rewiring in breast cancer subtypes
Ogrodzinski, M. P., Bernard, J. J., & Lunt, S. Y. (2017) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2017.07.004 · Cited by 64 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In contrast, fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and lipogenic enzymes are downregulated in TNBC compared with the HER2 subtype [upregulating ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) to accelerate FAS] 25,74 .”
BackgroundFiorillo, M., Sotgia, F., & Lisanti, M. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00677 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bolli, E., O’Rourke, J. P., Conti, L., Lanzardo, S., Rolih, V., Christen, J. M., Barutello, G., Forni, M., Pericle, F., & Cavallo, F. (2017) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2017.1408746 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, because the antibody titers achieved upon using the DNA vaccine are low, a virus-like-particle (VLP; AX09-0M6) immunotherapy has been developed, which elicits a stronger antibody response against xCT to decrease BCSC growth and prevent self-renewal 125 .”
BackgroundChen, X., Cao, Q., Liao, R., Wu, X., Xun, S., Huang, J., & Dong, C. (2018) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.29407 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
ME1 promotes basal-like breast cancer progression and associates with poor prognosis
Liao, R., Ren, G., Liu, H., Chen, X., Cao, Q., Wu, X., Li, J., & Dong, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35106-y · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We found that malic enzyme 1 (ME1), a cytosolic NADP-dependent enzyme that decarboxylates malate to pyruvate with NADPH generation, is dramatically upregulated in BLBC, where it serves as part of an important NADPH-supplying pathway 97 ( Figure 1 ).”
BackgroundRepression of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer to doxorubicin
Zhang, X., & Bai, W. (2016) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00280-016-3117-4 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This metabolic reprogramming maintains the level of NADPH to counter hypoxia-or chemotherapy-induced ROS stress and plays a role in BCSC enrichment and lung metastasis 53,54 .”
BackgroundWalsh, E. M., Keane, M., Wink, D. A., Callagy, G. M., & Glynn, S. A. (2016) · Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis · doi:10.1615/critrevoncog.2017021307 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The NO signaling also triggers upregulation of the stem cell marker CD44 and other proteins that are characteristic of BLBC, potentiating EMT, chemoresistance, and invasion capacity 63-66 .”
BackgroundBhardwaj, A., Singh, H., Trinidad, C., Albarracin, C. T., Hunt, K. K., & Bedrosian, I. (2018) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-018-1074-z · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, cholesterol biosynthesis is enhanced through the upregulation of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and HMG-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1), key enzymes in the mevalonate pathway 86 .”
BackgroundIriondo, O., Rábano, M., Domenici, G., Carlevaris, O., López-Ruiz, J. A., Zabalza, I., Berra, E., & Vivanco, M. D. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5564 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Argininosuccinate lyase is a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer
Huang, H.-L., Chen, W.-C., Hsu, H., Cho, C.-Y., Hung, Y.-H., Wang, C., & Lai, M.-D. (2015) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2015.4280 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Silencing of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), an enzyme responsible for the production of arginine, also delays the G2/M transition of TNBC cell line 62 .”
BackgroundLucantoni, F., Dussmann, H., & Prehn, J. H. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2018.00113 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, dual targeting of glycolysis and mitochondrial bioenergetics or antioxidant pathways decreases cellular bioenergetics and increases the death of breast cancer cells 102,111 .”
BackgroundHong, R., Zhang, W., Xia, X., Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Wu, M., Fan, J., Li, J., Xia, W., Xu, F., et al. (2019) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12466 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“BRCA1 protein transcriptionally represses GOT2 expression, but this repression mechanism is impaired due to the frequently observed BRCA1 deficiency in TNBC 3,38 .”
BackgroundRoçi, I., Watrous, J. D., Lagerborg, K. A., Lafranchi, L., Lindqvist, A., Jain, M., & Nilsson, R. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.059 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Noonepalle, S. K. R., Gu, F., Lee, E.-J., Choi, J.-H., Han, Q., Kim, J., Ouzounova, M., Shull, A. Y., Pei, L., Hsu, P.-Y., et al. (2017) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0182 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, in response to T cell-derived interferon (IFN)- γ , TNBC exhibits highly inducible expression of IDO1 to counteract immune cells 57 ( Figure 2 ).”
BackgroundKim, J. Y., Heo, S., Choi, S. K., Song, I. H., Park, I. A., Kim, Y., Park, H. S., Park, S. Y., Bang, W. S., Gong, G., et al. (2017) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/s00428-017-2083-5 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), suggesting a metabolic competition between cancer cells and TILs in the tumor microenvironment, where active consumption of intercellular glutamine by GLS-overexpressing TNBC cells deprives TILs of glutamine and hinders their proliferation 34 ( Figure 2 ).”
BackgroundMauro-Lizcano, M., & López‐Rivas, A. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0263-0 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The depletion of either methionine or glutamine can increase the cell surface expression of pro-apoptotic TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) and sensitize TNBC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis 71,72 .”
BackgroundZhou, R., Bagga, P., Nath, K., Hariharan, H., Mankoff, D. A., & Reddy, R. D. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3988 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similar to MRS, these methods enable the observation of altered levels of glutamine or glutamate upon GLS inhibition, indicating their feasibility to non-invasively detect the early therapeutic response of TNBC to GLS inhibitors 120,121 .”
ResultHallmarks of the cancer cell of origin: Comparisons with “energetic” cancer stem cells (e-CSCs)
Sotgia, F., Fiorillo, M., & Lisanti, M. P. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101822 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Epithelial-like BCSCs exhibit elevated OXPHOS coupled with the upregulation of GSH metabolism and anti-oxidant defense 102 , which is also observed in “energetic” cancer stem cells (e-CSCs) and TNBC brain or lung metastases 103-106 .”
BackgroundMetabotropic glutamate receptor-1 regulates inflammation in triple negative breast cancer
Sexton, R. E., Hachem, A. H., Assi, A. A., Bukhsh, M. A., Gorski, D. H., & Speyer, C. L. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34502-8 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These tumor-promoting effects can be blocked by riluzole, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 45-47 .”
BackgroundErbaş, H., Bal, O., & Çakır, E. (2015) · Balkan Medical Journal · doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.15611 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Rosuvastatin may impede breast cancer development because it inhibits arginase enzymatic activity and reduces the levels of ornithine and polyamine 61 .”
BackgroundKim, Y., Kim, Y. J., Paeng, J. C., Cheon, G. J., Lee, D. S., Chung, J.-K., & Kang, K. W. (2017) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-017-3748-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Untargeted and stable isotope-assisted metabolomic analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells under hypoxia
Yang, J., Cheng, J., Sun, B. H., Li, H., Wu, S., Dong, F., & Yan, X. (2018) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-018-1338-8 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consistently, metabolomics analysis of TNBC cell lines cultured under hypoxia shows that these cells have increased glucose uptake and higher glycolytic rate, while the conversion rate of glucose into the TCA cycle for OXPHOS is decreased 92 .”
BackgroundRaccagni, I., Belloli, S., Valtorta, S., Stefano, A., Presotto, L., Pascali, C., Bogni, A., Tortoreto, M., Zaffaroni, N., Daidone, M. G., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197754 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy based on anthracyclines and taxanes is increasingly used prior to surgery to reduce the size of unresectable TNBC. Traditionally, the response to chemotherapy is assessed by tumor volume, which represents a post-treatment event 117 .”
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Glucose Metabolism and Glucose Transporters in Breast Cancer
Shin, E., & Koo, J. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.728759 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
LOX-1 and cancer: an indissoluble liaison
Murdocca, M., Masi, C. D., Pucci, S., Mango, R., Novelli, G., Natale, C. D., & Sangiuolo, F. C. (2021) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41417-020-00279-0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Sabit, H., Adel, A., Abdelfattah, M. M., Ramadan, R. M., Nazih, M., Abdel-Ghany, S. E., El-Hashash, A. H. K., & Arneth, B. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217865 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
He, L., Wick, N., Germans, S. K., & Peng, Y. S. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13246209 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Immature natural killer cells promote progression of triple-negative breast cancer
Thacker, G., Henry, S., Nandi, A., Debnath, R., Singh, S., Nayak, A., Susnik, B., Boone, M., Zhang, Q. H., Kesmodel, S. B., et al. (2023) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl4414 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha: A new strategy for triple-negative breast cancer therapy
Liu, Q., Guan, C., Liu, C., Li, H., Wu, J., & Sun, C. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113861 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Oncogene-mediated metabolic gene signature predicts breast cancer outcome
Aslan, M., Hsu, E., Garcia-Marques, F. J., Bermudez, A., Liu, S., Shen, M., West, M., Zhang, C. A., Rice, M. A., Brooks, J. D., et al. (2021) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-021-00341-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Lu, V. M., Goyal, A., Quiñones‐Hinojosa, A., & Chaichana, K. L. (2018) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.12.013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Expanding Roles of De Novo Lipogenesis in Breast Cancer
Simeone, P., Tacconi, S., Longo, S., Lanuti, P., Bravaccini, S., Pirini, F., Ravaioli, S., Dini, L., & Giudetti, A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073575 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zheng, X.-W., Ma, H., Wang, J., Huang, M.-J., Fu, D., Qin, L., & 阴奇男 (2022) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101534 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Correlation between the Warburg effect and progression of triple-negative breast cancer
Liu, S., Li, Y., Yuan, M., Song, Q., & Liu, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1060495 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Recent progress in immune evasion mechanisms of triple-negative breast cancer
Yang, Y., & Wang, W. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07370-w · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Prognostic and therapeutic relevance of phosphofructokinase platelet-type (PFKP) in breast cancer
Umar, S. M., Kashyap, A., Kahol, S., Mathur, S. R., Gogia, A., Deo, S. V. S., & Prasad, C. P. (2020) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112282 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Wu, H., Wang, S., Zhang, X., Gong, L., Xiao, C., Liu, C., Chen, L., Zhao, H., Liu, C., et al. (2023) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2023.07.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cui, Z., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Zheng, C., Luo, L., Hu, D., Chen, Y., Xiao, Z., & Sun, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1328679 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Therapeutic Potential of Tumor Metabolic Reprogramming in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Munkácsy, G., Santarpia, L., & Győrffy, B. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24086945 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Glycolysis is more important in TNBC (Figure 3) than in other subtypes of breast cancer, as it is characterized by increased glucose uptake and lactate secretion [63].”
BackgroundGlutamine transporter SLC38A3 promotes breast cancer metastasis via Gsk3β/β-catenin/EMT pathway
Tan, Z., Boyapati, K., Tressler, C. M., Jenkinson, N. M., & Glunde, K. (2024) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216653 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species in cancer: a paradox between pro- and anti-tumour activities
Kohan, R., Collin, A., Guizzardi, S., de Talamoni, N. G. T., & Picotto, G. (2020) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00280-020-04103-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Glutamine Metabolism: Molecular Regulation, Biological Functions, and Diseases
Kumar, M. A., Baba, S. K., Khan, I. R., Khan, M. S., Husain, F. M., Ahmad, S., Haris, M., Singh, M., Akil, A. A., Macha, M. A., et al. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70120 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Guo, X., Wang, A., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Liu, X., Xia, T., Zhang, A., Chen, D., Qi, H., et al. (2020) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12856 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Metabolic Roles of HIF1, c-Myc, and p53 in Glioma Cells
Trejo‐Solís, C., Castillo‐Rodríguez, R. A., Serrano-García, N., Silva‐Adaya, D., Vargas-Cruz, S., Chávez-Cortéz, E. G., Gallardo‐Pérez, J. C., Zavala-Vega, S., Cruz-Salgado, A., & Magaña-Maldonado, R. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14050249 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…conversion of glutamate into α -KG by positively regulating GDH, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) [278]. c-Myc-dependent glutamine catabolism replenishes intermediate metabolites of the TCA cycle by producing the anaplerotic substrate α -KG, but…”
BackgroundJan, A., Sofi, S., Jan, N., & Mir, M. A. (2025) · Future Oncology · doi:10.1080/14796694.2025.2461443 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ferroptosis induction via targeting metabolic alterations in triple-negative breast cancer
Wang, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, F., Wang, H., & Hu, J. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115866 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Metabolic Flexibility Is a Determinant of Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Progression
Fukano, M., Park, M., & Deblois, G. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13184699 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Buocikova, V., Longhin, E., Pilalis, E., Mastrokalou, C., Miklikova, S., Cihova, M., Poturnayova, A., Mackova, K., Babelova, A., Trnkova, L., et al. (2022) · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112662 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mitaishvili, E., Feinsod, H., David, Z., Shpigel, J., Fernandez, C., Sauane, M., & de la Parra, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2903099 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Shuvalov, O., Fedorova, O., Tananykina, E., Gnennaya, Y., Daks, A., Petukhov, A., & Barlev, N. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.561537 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1): A Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Cervical Cancer
Shi, X., Wang, J., Dai, S., Qin, L., Zhou, J., & Chen, Y. (2020) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s280690 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Darbeheshti, F., Mahdiannasser, M., Noroozi, Z., Firoozi, Z., Mansoori, B., Daraei, A., Bastami, M., Nariman‐Saleh‐Fam, Z., Valipour, E., & Mansoori, Y. (2021) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.17066 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
PRMT3 regulates the progression of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast
Zhi, R., Wu, K., Zhang, J., Liu, H., Niu, C., Li, S., & Fu, L. (2023) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.15724 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ye, J., Wu, S., Quan, Q., Ye, F., Zhang, J., Song, C., Fan, Y., Cao, H., Tang, H., & Zhao, J. (2024) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.70439 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cuproptosis in cancers: Function and implications from bench to bedside
Huang, X.-Y., Shen, J.-Y., Huang, K., Wang, L., Sethi, G., & Ma, Z. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116874 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Poddar, A., Rao, S. R., Prithviraj, P., Kannourakis, G., & Jayachandran, A. (2022) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol29100540 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Interestingly, OXPHOS activity in TNBC is reported to be both increased as well as reduced [19,43].”
BackgroundPlatelet isoform of phosphofructokinase accelerates malignant features in breast cancer
Inaishi, T., Shibata, M., Ichikawa, T., Kanda, M., Hayashi, M., Soeda, I., Takeuchi, D., Takano, Y., Tsunoda, N., Kodera, Y., et al. (2021) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2021.8220 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Chen, X., Chen, G., Wang, H., Jia, L., Yue, H., & Yao, D. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126348 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Li, J., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, H., Tang, Y., Tang, Y., Guo, S., Ye, T., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.218227 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cruz‐Gregorio, A. (2026) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo16010060 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This reprogramming metabolic overexpresses glucose transporters such as glucose transporter 1, increasing glucose internalization and its entry into glycolysis [1].”
Jiang, C.-F., Qian, Y.-C., Bai, X., Li, S., Zhang, L., Xie, Y.-X., Lu, Y.-F., Lu, Z.-M., Liu, B., & Jiang, B. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217612 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Schreier, A., Zappasodi, R., Serganova, I. S., Brown, K. A., Demaria, S., & Andreopoulou, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1061789 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition, studies have shown that there is significant heterogeneity in the metabolic dependencies and preferences between TNBC tumors (19, 55, 62).”
BackgroundKim, J., Hwang, Y. H., Nam, G., & Kim, I.-S. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114462 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
SIPA1 Enhances Aerobic Glycolysis Through HIF-2α Pathway to Promote Breast Cancer Metastasis
Yao, C., Weng, J., Feng, L., Zhang, W., Xu, Y. K., Zhang, P., Tanaka, Y., & Su, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.779169 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ghadi, R., Kuche, K., Date, T., Bhargavi, N., Chaudhari, D., & Jain, S. (2024) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213822 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cai, X.-X., Zhang, Z.-Z., Yang, X., Shen, W.-R., Yuan, L.-W., Ding, X., Yu, Y., & Cai, W.-Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1579423 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“TNBC cells demonstrate metabolic plasticity to overcome nutrient scarcity, acquiring stromal-derived fuels to sustain proliferation, drive chemoresistance, and remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment (10).”
Lactylation in cancer: molecular mechanisms and advances in clinical study
Li, J., Miao, C., Guo, H., Lin, M., Chen, R., Peng, J., Wang, J., Tang, C., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-026-02573-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…relationships and their effector consequences with orthogonal perturbations, and mapping heterogeneity through cross-cohort Kla–subtype atlases that connect MCT1/MCT4 balance, LDH isoforms, and lactylation fingerprints to clinically actionable subgroups and companion diagnostics [78, 88, 393, 394].”
Zhang, Z., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2021.2015321 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“cancer [21], gastric cancer [22], prostate cancer [23], and lung cancer [24].”
BackgroundPan, B., Xia, Y., Fang, S., Ai, J., Wang, K., Zhang, J., Du, C., Chen, Y., Liu, L., & Yan, S. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1043252 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Malayil, R., Chhichholiya, Y., Vasudeva, K., Singh, H. V., Singh, T., Singh, S., & Munshi, A. (2023) · Medical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12032-023-02037-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The role of metabolic reprogramming in immune escape of triple-negative breast cancer
Bao, R., Qu, H., Li, B., Cheng, K., Miao, Y., & Wang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424237 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…(13, 14), enabling tumor cells to meet the energy demands and biosynthetic requirements necessary for malignant proliferation, maintain redox homeostasis, proliferate rapidly in a nutrient-de fi cient tumor microenvironment (15), and facilitate the survival and metastasis of cancer cells (16).”
BackgroundNuances of PFKFB3 Signaling in Breast Cancer
Galindo, C. M., Ganzella, F. A. D. O., Klassen, G., Ramos, E. A. D. S., & Acco, A. (2022) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2022.01.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cisneros-Villanueva, M., Fonseca-Montaño, M. A., Ríos-Romero, M., López‐Camarillo, C., Jiménez‐Morales, S., Langley, E., Rosette-Rueda, A. S., Cedro‐Tanda, A., Hernández‐Sotelo, D., & Hidalgo‐Miranda, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51947-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This may be due to the epidemiological finding that TNBC primarily affects young, premenopausal women between the ages of 40 and 46, who make up about 15–20% of all breast cancer patients 36,37 .”
BackgroundMitochondrial inhibitors: a new horizon in breast cancer therapy
Yan, Y., Li, S., Su, L., Tang, X., Chen, X., Gu, X., Yang, G., Chi, H., & Huang, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1421905 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Advanced progress of spatial metabolomics in head and neck cancer research
Zhao, H., Shi, C., Han, W., Luo, G., Huang, Y., Fu, Y., Lu, W., Hu, Q., Shang, Z., & Yang, X. (2023) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2023.100958 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This metabolic shift leads to altered pathways, ensuring adequate ATP production for survival and rapid proliferation in the nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment, thus facilitating tumor occurrence and progression [24].”
BackgroundSu, Z., Wang, C., Pan, R., Li, H., Chen, J., Tan, J., Tian, X., Lin, T., & Shen, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028263 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In breast cancer, notably, the inhibition of glycolysis promotes the transformation of the breast cancer stem cells from a quiescent, mesenchymal-like state to an epithelial-like state, referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (6).”
BackgroundHuang, Z., Li, D., Guo, F., Xian, T., Hu, H.-S., Xu, J., Luo, Y., Chen, Z., Wang, B., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112956 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yamashita, N., Withers, H. G., Morimoto, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Haratake, N., Daimon, T., Fushimi, A., Nakashoji, A., Thorner, A. R., Isenhart, E., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108168 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Littleflower, A. B., Parambil, S. T., Antony, G. R., & Subhadradevi, L. (2024) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Manjunath, M., Ravindran, F., Sharma, S., Siddiqua, H., Raghavan, S. C., & Choudhary, B. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126485 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“TNBC cells possess a hybrid metabolic status having high glycolysis and a considerable level of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), including HIF-1/AMPK signalling [11].”
BackgroundSan-Millán, I., Martinez, J. L., Pickard, S. L., Yu, H., Hirsch, F. R., Rivard, C. J., & Brooks, G. A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533060 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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“This process contributes to the formation of an acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) [4].”
Metabolic Adaptations in Cancer Progression: Optimization Strategies and Therapeutic Targets
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“One aspect of this link could be metabolic reprograming in TNBC tumors [66].”
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“Changes in metabolic processes are closely related to tumor growth [12–15].”
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Tamarindo, G. H., Novais, A. A., Chuffa, L. G. D. A., & Zuccari, D. A. P. D. C. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13172757 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“…TNBC subtype, which could lead to the development of novel molecular targets, are critically important for improving therapeutic options for treating TNBC. Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and has provided promising therapeutic targets for the treat-ment of breast cancer [10].”
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“20,21 As a result, several signaling pathways play crucial roles in the development of malignancy.”
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“The development of breast cancer is characterized by a multistep progression that is strongly influenced by tumor metabolic reprogramming [2].”
Delayed breast reconstruction with tram-flap and various modifications after radical mastectomy
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Triple-negative breast cancer treatment meets nanoparticles: Current status and future direction
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“The treatment conditions are described in the corresponding fi gure legends.”
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The Lipid Asset Is Unbalanced in Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
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ILT4 reprograms glucose metabolism to promote tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer
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- Authors
- Wang, Z., Jiang, Q., & Dong, C.
- Affiliations
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (CN)
- Zhejiang University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Dong, Chenfang
- Venue
- Cancer Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- China Anti-cancer Association
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-59
- ISSN
- 2095-3941 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7142847
- OpenAlex
- W3020548503
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Cancer Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- triple-negative breast cancer, metabolic reprogramming, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, redox homeostasis, oncogenic signaling, metastasis, metabolic biomarkers, metabolic imaging
- MeSH terms
- Warburg Effect, Oncologic, Amino Acids, Antineoplastic Agents, Female, Humans, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Biomarkers, Tumor, Lipid Metabolism, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
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