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Review on Recent Progress in Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Diverse Applications

Ali, Arbab, Shah, Tufail, Ullah, Rehmat, Zhou, Pingfan, Guo, Manlin, Ovais, Muhammad, Tan, Zhiqiang, Rui, YuKui·2021·Frontiers in Chemistry
DOI 10.3389/fchem.2021.629054PMC PMC8314212
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Abstract

Diverse applications of nanoparticles (NPs) have revolutionized various sectors in society. In the recent decade, particularly magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained enormous interest owing to their applications in specialized areas such as medicine, cancer theranostics, biosensing, catalysis, agriculture, and the environment. Controlled surface engineering for the design of multi-functional MNPs is vital for achieving desired application. The MNPs have demonstrated great efficacy as thermoelectric materials, imaging agents, drug delivery vehicles, and biosensors. In the present review, first we have briefly discussed main synthetic methods of MNPs, followed by their characterizations and composition. Then we have discussed the potential applications of MNPs in different with representative examples. At the end, we gave an overview on the current challenges and future prospects of MNPs. This comprehensive review not only provides the mechanistic insight into the synthesis, functionalization, and application of MNPs but also outlines the limits and potential prospects.

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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 1 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with different methods.
FIGURE 1 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with different methods.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 Schematics (A) illustration of the anticancer drug (DOX) conjugating into polymer encapsulated superparamagnetic NPs and the overall mechanism of cancer cell killing by synergistic therapy under applied Alternating Magnetic Field (AMF). Copyright 2017, American chemical Society (Thorat et al., 2017) (B) Representation of the mechanism of improved EPR effect and accumulation of ultrafine iron oxide nanoparticles (uIONPs) inside tumor with a bright-to-dark T1-T2 MRI contrast transition. uIONPs quickly and easily extravasate from dripping tumor vessels into a tumor with favorable kinetics, then self-assemble into clusters in the tumor microenvironment at a low pH (6.5), limiting clustered uIONP intravasation back into circulation (C) Optical images of T1-and T2-weighted MRI of a mouse with orthotopic 4T1 tumors pre- and post i.v administration of uIONP at different time intervals (Wang L. et al., 2017). Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society (D) Tumor-specific nanotheranostics NQ-Cy@Fe&GOD for in situ real-time reporting of Fenton-based dose-dependent •OH generation: 1) Owing to the passive and active targeting ability, NQ-Cy@Fe&GOD are delivered into tumor sites, along with the enhanced MRI signal; 2) Turn-on NIR fluorescence signal at 830 nm (NIR-1) is observed in synchronous with its intracellular dissociation for evaluating the released dose of Fenton agents. Concurrently, the released GOD catalyzes glucose to produce H2O2; 3) Subsequently, high-level •OH is generated by IONPs-based Fenton reaction with intratumor H2O2, thereby triggering the activation of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway for high-level overexpression of NQO1 enzyme, which is timely supervised by a new emission at 650 nm (NIR-2). Overall, this nanocomposite bridges dual-channel NIR imaging and MRI modality, thereby uniting spatial and temporal resolution on dose-dependent •OH therapeutic feedback (E) Imaging of the bio-distribution with MRI signal by intravenous injection. T1-Weighted (A,B) and T2-Weighted (C,D) MRI of tumor-bearing mice after experiencing a magnetic field at after the intravenous administration of NQ-Cy@Fe&GOD at different time intervals. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons (Ma et al., 2020).
FIGURE 2 Schematics (A) illustration of the anticancer drug (DOX) conjugating into polymer encapsulated superparamagnetic NPs and the overall mechanism of cancer cell killing by synergistic therapy under applied Alternating Magnetic Field (AMF). Copyright 2017, American chemical Society (Thorat et al., 2017) (B) Representation of the mechanism of improved EPR effect and accumulation of ultrafine iron oxide nanoparticles (uIONPs) inside tumor with a bright-to-dark T1-T2 MRI contrast transition. uIONPs quickly and easily extravasate from dripping tumor vessels into a tumor with favorable kinetics, then self-assemble into clusters in the tumor microenvironment at a low pH (6.5), limiting clustered uIONP intravasation back into circulation (C) Optical images of T1-and T2-weighted MRI of a mouse with orthotopic 4T1 tumors pre- and post i.v administration of uIONP at different time intervals (Wang L. et al., 2017). Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society (D) Tumor-specific nanotheranostics NQ-Cy@Fe&GOD for in situ real-time reporting of Fenton-based dose-dependent •OH generation: 1) Owing to the passive and active targeting ability, NQ-Cy@Fe&GOD are delivered into tumor sites, along with the enhanced MRI signal; 2) Turn-on NIR fluorescence signal at 830 nm (NIR-1) is observed in synchronous with its intracellular dissociation for evaluating the released dose of Fenton agents. Concurrently, the released GOD catalyzes glucose to produce H2O2; 3) Subsequently, high-level •OH is generated by IONPs-based Fenton reaction with intratumor H2O2, thereby triggering the activation of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway for high-level overexpression of NQO1 enzyme, which is timely supervised by a new emission at 650 nm (NIR-2). Overall, this nanocomposite bridges dual-channel NIR imaging and MRI modality, thereby uniting spatial and temporal resolution on dose-dependent •OH therapeutic feedback (E) Imaging of the bio-distribution with MRI signal by intravenous injection. T1-Weighted (A,B) and T2-Weighted (C,D) MRI of tumor-bearing mice after experiencing a magnetic field at after the intravenous administration of NQ-Cy@Fe&GOD at different time intervals. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons (Ma et al., 2020).CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 Schematics (A) illustration of the chemical and mechanical factors of the bacteria killing of Fe3O4 and p-Fe3O4 MPs. and mechanism of biofilm disruption by a p-Fe3O4 swarm (Dong et al., 2021). Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society (B) mechanistic Representation of artificial channel created by magnetic nanoparticles in infectious biofilms to improve antimicrobial penetration and enhance bacterial killing over the depth of a biofilm (Quan et al., 2019b). Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons (C) Enhanced colorimetric method using enzymatic amplification with NBT/BCIP precipitation based on IMS-selective filtration for the ultrasensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7: a. IMS for target bacteria using biotinylated antibody/STA−AP/MNP conjugates, b. selective filtration of target bacteria−conjugates complexes, and c. colored spots on the filter membrane by target bacteria-bound biotinylated antibody/STA−AP/MNP conjugates (upper panel) and enhanced colorimetric spots by enzymatic amplification with NBT/BCIP precipitation on the bacteria-bound biotinylated antibody/STA−AP/MNP conjugate surfaces (lower panel) (Kim et al., 2018). Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society (D) Representation of the principle of the bioanalytical method. Functionalization of MNPs (I); capture of bacteria by MNPs-MLT and magnetic separation of the bacteria from the sample matrix (II); EIS detection (III) (Wilson et al., 2019). Copyright 2019, Elsevier publishing group.
FIGURE 3 Schematics (A) illustration of the chemical and mechanical factors of the bacteria killing of Fe3O4 and p-Fe3O4 MPs. and mechanism of biofilm disruption by a p-Fe3O4 swarm (Dong et al., 2021). Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society (B) mechanistic Representation of artificial channel created by magnetic nanoparticles in infectious biofilms to improve antimicrobial penetration and enhance bacterial killing over the depth of a biofilm (Quan et al., 2019b). Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons (C) Enhanced colorimetric method using enzymatic amplification with NBT/BCIP precipitation based on IMS-selective filtration for the ultrasensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7: a. IMS for target bacteria using biotinylated antibody/STA−AP/MNP conjugates, b. selective filtration of target bacteria−conjugates complexes, and c. colored spots on the filter membrane by target bacteria-bound biotinylated antibody/STA−AP/MNP conjugates (upper panel) and enhanced colorimetric spots by enzymatic amplification with NBT/BCIP precipitation on the bacteria-bound biotinylated antibody/STA−AP/MNP conjugate surfaces (lower panel) (Kim et al., 2018). Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society (D) Representation of the principle of the bioanalytical method. Functionalization of MNPs (I); capture of bacteria by MNPs-MLT and magnetic separation of the bacteria from the sample matrix (II); EIS detection (III) (Wilson et al., 2019). Copyright 2019, Elsevier publishing group.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 4 Schematics of (A) Synthetic Route for Antibody-Modified Fe3O4@Ag Magnetic Tags and diagram of the Magnetic SERS Strip for Detecting Two Respiratory Viruses (Wang et al., 2019). Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society (B) Analyte Detection Using Magnetic Nanozyme-Based LFIA Strips (Kim et al., 2017b). Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society (C) Bio-separation of target molecules from blood plasma by functional Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), followed by the MNP mediated nano-SPR assay. The application of MNP results in an enhancement of the LSPR shift at peak absorption wavelength (Tang et al., 2013). Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society (D) Assay for the detection of tumor-associated plasma (and serum) p53 autoantibody. A neutravidin-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was functionalized with biotinylated p53. Serum/plasma samples containing p53-specific autoantibody were then incubated onto the electrode surface followed by the incubation with IgG/Au−NPFe2O3NC nanocatalyst. The surface-attached Au−NPFe2O3NC nanocatalyst catalyzed the oxidation of TMB in the presence of H2O2 and produced a blue-colored complex product (naked eye), which turned yellow after the addition of an acid to the reaction media. The level of p53 autoantibody was detected via measuring the intensity (UV−vis) and amperometric current generated by the yellow product (Masud et al., 2017b). Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
FIGURE 4 Schematics of (A) Synthetic Route for Antibody-Modified Fe3O4@Ag Magnetic Tags and diagram of the Magnetic SERS Strip for Detecting Two Respiratory Viruses (Wang et al., 2019). Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society (B) Analyte Detection Using Magnetic Nanozyme-Based LFIA Strips (Kim et al., 2017b). Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society (C) Bio-separation of target molecules from blood plasma by functional Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), followed by the MNP mediated nano-SPR assay. The application of MNP results in an enhancement of the LSPR shift at peak absorption wavelength (Tang et al., 2013). Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society (D) Assay for the detection of tumor-associated plasma (and serum) p53 autoantibody. A neutravidin-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was functionalized with biotinylated p53. Serum/plasma samples containing p53-specific autoantibody were then incubated onto the electrode surface followed by the incubation with IgG/Au−NPFe2O3NC nanocatalyst. The surface-attached Au−NPFe2O3NC nanocatalyst catalyzed the oxidation of TMB in the presence of H2O2 and produced a blue-colored complex product (naked eye), which turned yellow after the addition of an acid to the reaction media. The level of p53 autoantibody was detected via measuring the intensity (UV−vis) and amperometric current generated by the yellow product (Masud et al., 2017b). Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 5 (A) Scheme showing magnetoelectric (ME) effect induced catalytic degradation of organic pollutants using core–shell CFO–BFO NPs under magnetic fields (B) Catalytic degradation curves obtained for model organic dye, RhB, under 15 mT and 1 kHz magnetic fields (n = 5) (C) Removal efficiency of a cocktail of five common pharmaceuticals using the core–shell NPs (n = 4). Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons (Mushtaq et al., 2019).
FIGURE 5 (A) Scheme showing magnetoelectric (ME) effect induced catalytic degradation of organic pollutants using core–shell CFO–BFO NPs under magnetic fields (B) Catalytic degradation curves obtained for model organic dye, RhB, under 15 mT and 1 kHz magnetic fields (n = 5) (C) Removal efficiency of a cocktail of five common pharmaceuticals using the core–shell NPs (n = 4). Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons (Mushtaq et al., 2019).CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 6 (A) Schematic diagram of the ligand exchange process to generate water-soluble EDTA-capped iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP-EDTA) from as-synthesized oleic acid capped iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP-OA) (B) TEM images of IONP10-EDTA and IONP20-EDTA after plant incubation in hydroponic growth media (C) Representative photograph of IONP-EDTA samples concentrating around the root hairs of garden cress after 30 min of incubation (D) Schematic representation of the pathways for the uptake of Fe through the plant roots. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry (Ju et al., 2019).
FIGURE 6 (A) Schematic diagram of the ligand exchange process to generate water-soluble EDTA-capped iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP-EDTA) from as-synthesized oleic acid capped iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP-OA) (B) TEM images of IONP10-EDTA and IONP20-EDTA after plant incubation in hydroponic growth media (C) Representative photograph of IONP-EDTA samples concentrating around the root hairs of garden cress after 30 min of incubation (D) Schematic representation of the pathways for the uptake of Fe through the plant roots. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry (Ju et al., 2019).CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 7 Proposed photocatalytic and selective mechanism of the MHP-Cd. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society (Lu et al., 2019).
FIGURE 7 Proposed photocatalytic and selective mechanism of the MHP-Cd. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society (Lu et al., 2019).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Ali, A., Shah, T., Ullah, R., Zhou, P., Guo, M., Ovais, M., Tan, Z., & Rui, Y.
Venue
Frontiers in Chemistry
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-07-13
Volume
9
ISSN
2296-2646
DOI
10.3389/fchem.2021.629054
PMC
PMC8314212
Cited by
650
References
7
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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