Breast milk, a source of beneficial microbes and associated benefits for infant health

Lyons, Katríona E.; Ryan, C. Anthony; Dempsey, Eugene M.; Ross, R. Paul; Stanton, Catherine

doi:10.3390/nu12041039

Cited by 613Infant Nutrition and HealthProbiotics and Fermented FoodsBreastfeeding Practices and Influences

Breast milk, a source of beneficial microbes and associated benefits for infant health

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Lyons, Katríona E., Ryan, C. Anthony, Dempsey, Eugene M., Ross, R. Paul, Stanton, Catherine·2020·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu12041039PMC PMC7231147

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Abstract

Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.

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Mediation of health benefits through the assembly of a healthy microbiota has been suggested.
“Although other bioactive compounds present in breast milk, such as immunoglobulins, antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, and lactoferrin, can have microbiota-independent benefits for the infant, mediation of health benefits [such as lower incidence of immune and gastrointestinal diseases, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, as well as improved cognitive function (261, 262)] through the assembly of a”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [263]

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Authors: Lyons, K. E., Ryan, C. A., Dempsey, E. M., Ross, R. P., & Stanton, C.
Affiliations: Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
University College Cork (IE)
Corresponding author: Stanton, Catherine
ORCID: Lyons, Katríona E.
Ryan, C. Anthony
Dempsey, Eugene M.
Ross, R. Paul
Stanton, Catherine
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-04-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 1039
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu12041039
PMC: PMC7231147
OpenAlex: W3015536860
Cited by: 613
References: 293
Citations by year: 2026: 66 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 9.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
T-Stór (Teagasc) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (15F721)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
Keywords: human milk microbiota, breast milk, infant health, commensal bacteria, probiotics, mammary gland development, lactation, infant immune development, bottle feeding, pathogen adhesion
MeSH terms: Infant Health, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Breast Feeding, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Infant, Newborn, Male, Milk, Human, Probiotics

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Breast milk, a source of beneficial microbes and associated benefits for infant health

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