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Pharmacological Inhibitors of the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Open accessAbstract
Inflammasomes play a crucial role in innate immunity by serving as signaling platforms which deal with a plethora of pathogenic products and cellular products associated with stress and damage. By far, the best studied and most characterized inflammasome is NLRP3 inflammasome, which consists of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain), and procaspase-1. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is mediated by highly diverse stimuli. Upon activation, NLRP3 protein recruits the adapter ASC protein, which recruits the procaspase-1 resulting in its cleavage and activation, inducing the maturation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. However, aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in various diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases; raising a tremendous clinical interest in exploring the potential inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent investigations have disclosed various inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway which were validated through in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in animal models of NLRP3-associated disorders. Some of these inhibitors directly target the NLRP3 protein whereas some are aimed at other components and products of the inflammasome. Direct targeting of NLRP3 protein can be a better choice because it can prevent off target immunosuppressive effects, thus restrain tissue destruction. This paper will review the various pharmacological inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome and will also discuss their mechanism of action.
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“the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key regulator of SASP induction, widely involved in disease and for which drug development is active (Zahid et al. 2019).”
From Senescence and the SASP: many therapeutic avenues (2020) · cites this paper as Zahid et al. 2019
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Cites
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Schuliga, M. J., Read, J. M., & Knight, D. A. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101405 · Cited by 62
Entrectinib inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory diseases by directly targeting NEK7
Jin, X., Liu, D., Zhou, X., Luo, X., Huang, Q., & Huang, Y. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101310 · Cited by 53
“18 30 As an important component of the NLRP3 inflammasome, NEK7 is also an attractive target for inflammasome activation and treatment of related diseases.”
BackgroundPromise of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors in In Vivo Disease Models
Das, B., Sarkar, C., Rawat, V. S., Kalita, D., Deka, S., & Agnihotri, A. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26164996 · Cited by 60
“Furthermore, some studies have reported that its administration has been associated with a low frequency of adverse effects, and it is usually well-tolerated by patients [132,133].”
BackgroundLuteolin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation via blocking ASC oligomerization
Lee, M. N., Lee, Y., Wu, D., & Pae, M. (2021) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108614 · Cited by 56
Wang, H., Chen, H., Jin, J., Liu, Q., Zhong, D., & Li, G. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117638 · Cited by 53
Erianin: A Direct NLRP3 Inhibitor With Remarkable Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Zhang, X., Hu, L., Xu, S., Ye, C., & Chen, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.739953 · Cited by 46
“The first is known as the priming signal, controlled by the NF-kB pathway (29).”
BackgroundInfluentialTherapeutic Role of Inflammasome Inhibitors in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Lahooti, B., Chhibber, T., Bagchi, S., Varahachalam, S. P., & Jayant, R. D. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.004 · Cited by 50
NLRP3 Inflammasome: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Target in Major Depressive Disorder
Kouba, B. R., Gil‐Mohapel, J., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24010133 · Cited by 57
“Particularly, inflammasomes play a key role in microglial activation by sensoring various pathogens and cellular derivatives associated with damage and stress [15].”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Liang, J., Cao, N., Gao, J., Li, S., & Tang, X. (2022) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01291-z · Cited by 55
“NLRP3 is one of the bestcharacterized inflammasomes [29, 30].”
BackgroundMitochondria and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Torres, S., Segalés, P., García‐Ruiz, C., & Fernández-Checa, J. C. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11091475 · Cited by 51
“NLRP3, the best-studied member of the inflammasome family, is a multicomplex formed by NLRP3, adaptor apoptosis speck protein (ASC), and pro-caspase-1 [13].”
BackgroundNLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Critical Role in Gynecological Disorders and Obstetrical Complications
Fang, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y. L., Li, Y., Kwak-Kim, J. Y.-H., & Wu, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.555826 · Cited by 46
“Multiple antagonists for NLRP3 inflammasome have been reported, including indirect inhibitors (glyburide, 16673-34-0, JC124, and FC11A-2), inhibitors for the constituents of NLRP3 inflammasome (parthenolide, VX-740 and -765, BAY 11-7082m and b-hydroxybutyrate) and direct inhibitors of NLRP3 protein (MCC950, 3,4-mehtyl…”
BackgroundChen, X., Li, Y., Li, J., Liu, T., Jiang, Q., Hong, Y., Wang, Q., Li, C., Guo, D., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114841 · Cited by 48
Nabirotchkin, S., Peluffo, A. E., Bouaziz, J., & Cohen, D. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0302.v1 · Cited by 49
NLRP3: a new therapeutic target in alcoholic liver disease
Brahadeeswaran, S., Dasgupta, T., Manickam, V., Saraswathi, V., & Tamizhselvi, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215333 · Cited by 51
Programmed cell death: the pathways to severe COVID-19?
Bader, S. M., Cooney, J. P., Pellegrini, M., & Doerflinger, M. (2022) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20210602 · Cited by 55
Yamaguchi, K., Yisireyili, M., Goto, S., Cheng, X. W., Nakayama, T., Matsushita, T., Niwa, T., Murohara, T., & Takeshita, K. (2022) · Cardiovascular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s12012-021-09718-2 · Cited by 47
“NLRP3 inflammasome activation induces various inflammatory cytokines, such as MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β, and the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported to correlate with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, resulting in cardiac dysfunction [8, 9].”
BackgroundSpotlight on NLRP3 Inflammasome: Role in Pathogenesis and Therapies of Atherosclerosis
Jiang, C., Xie, S., Yang, G., & Wang, N. (2021) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s344730 · Cited by 49
Effectiveness of NLRP3 Inhibitor as a Non-Hormonal Treatment for ovarian endometriosis
Murakami, M., Osuka, S., Muraoka, A., Hayashi, S., Bayasula, Kasahara, Y., Sonehara, R., Hariyama, Y., Shinjo, K., Tanaka, H., et al. (2022) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-022-00924-3 · Cited by 49
“Tranilast, an NLRP3 inhibitor that is clinically applied as an antiallergic drug but is less specific than MCC950 [24, 44], is of interest to us because it may have a positive impact on the treatment of endometriosis.”
BackgroundMitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammaging in Heart Failure: Novel Roles of CYP-Derived Epoxylipids
Keshavarz-Bahaghighat, H., Darwesh, A. M., Sosnowski, D. K., & Seubert, J. M. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071565 · Cited by 49
“Upon activation, NLRP-3 interacts with ASC via PYD to form NLRP3-ASC-pro-caspase-1 complex, also known as NLRP-3 inflammasome [64,65].”
BackgroundThe Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics
Muslimov, A. R., Tereshchenko, V., Shevyrev, D., Rogova, A. S., Lepik, K. V., Reshetnikov, V. V., & Ivanov, R. A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914820 · Cited by 51
Williams, B. M., Cliff, C. L., Lee, K., Squires, P. E., & Hills, C. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.907504 · Cited by 47
“Although several inflammasomes have since been identified, including NLRP1 and NLRP2, the NLRP3 inflammasome is the most extensively characterised to date (Zahid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundImmunomodulation and immunopharmacology in heart failure
Markousis‐Mavrogenis, G., Baumhove, L., Al‐Mubarak, A. A., Aboumsallem, J. P., Bömer, N., Voors, A. A., & van der Meer, P. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00919-6 · Cited by 51
“The NLRP3 inflammasome can be targeted with direct NLRP3 or caspase 1 inhibition 291 , or indirectly by inhibiting upstream or downstream processes 291,292 .”
Xue, K., Qi, M., She, T., Jiang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, G., Xu, L., Peng, B., Liu, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjac077 · Cited by 44
“First, the comparison between argon and MCC950, one of the most potent and selective inhibitors that block NLRP3 inflammasome activation ( Coll et al., 2015 , 2019 ; Zahid et al., 2019 ) , supports this hypothesis.”
Neutrophils and their role in the aetiopathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Giovenzana, A., Carnovale, D., Phillips, B. E., Petrelli, A., & Giannoukakis, N. (2021) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3483 · Cited by 44
The Role of p53 in Regulating Chronic Inflammation and PANoptosis in Diabetic Wounds
He, W., Tang, M., Gu, R., Wu, X., Mu, X., & Nie, X. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.0212 · Cited by 24
“ASC facilitates the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasomes (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3) through interactions and recruits procaspase-1 via CARD-CARD interactions, leading to caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis initiation [28, 158, 159].”
Inflammasomes cross-talk with lymphocytes to connect the innate and adaptive immune response
Zhang, H., Gao, J., Tang, Y., Jin, T., & Tao, J. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.012 · Cited by 49
Self-citationThe role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease
Kong, R., Sun, L., Li, H., & Wang, D. (2021) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.1080/08916934.2021.1995860 · Cited by 51
Compromised Protein Prenylation as Pathogenic Mechanism in Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
Politiek, F. A., & Waterham, H. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.724991 · Cited by 50
“Since NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been associated with many diseases, there is a great interest in developing such inhibitors, some of which are currently studied in clinical trials (97).”
BackgroundRegulation of pyroptosis in cardiovascular pathologies: Role of noncoding RNAs
Gao, J., Chen, X., Wei, P., Wang, Y., Li, P., & Shao, K. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2021.05.016 · Cited by 49
Wang, L., Zhao, H., Xu, H., Liu, X., Chen, X., Peng, Q., & Xiao, M. (2021) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30186 · Cited by 44
“However, a variety of NLRP3 inhibitors, such as glyburide, MCC950, sulfonamides, NBC6, and flavonoids, can block NLRP3 activation (Zahid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundChen, R., Yin, C., Hu, Q., Liu, B., Tai, Y., Zheng, X., Li, Y., Fang, J., & Liu, B. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01834-0 · Cited by 68
“In order to address this issue, we used MCC950, a potent and specific inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome [38, 39].”
Silicosis: from pathogenesis to therapeutics
Bi-jun, Y., Liu, X., Peng, C., Meng, X., & Jia, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1516200 · Cited by 32
Interactions between PCSK9 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in atherosclerosis
Wang, Y., Fang, D., Yang, Q., You, J., Wang, L., Wu, J., Zeng, M., & Luo, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126823 · Cited by 36
“The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimolecular protein complex that comprises the NOD-like receptor NLRP3, the adaptor ASC and the effector pro-caspase-1, which play fundamental roles in inflammation (50).”
BackgroundBiancatelli, R. M. L. C., Solopov, P. A., & Catravas, J. D. (2022) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.003 · Cited by 47
Tranilast: a potential anti-Inflammatory and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor drug for COVID-19
Saeedi‐Boroujeni, A., Mahmoudian‐Sani, M., Nashibi, R., Houshmandfar, S., Gandomkari, S. T., & Khodadadi, A. (2021) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923973.2021.1925293 · Cited by 46
“chemical, and hormonal compounds able to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome directly and indirectly, thereby reducing inflammation, have also been identified [41].”
BackgroundInflammasome inhibition under physiological and pharmacological conditions
Caseley, E. A., Poulter, J. A., Rodrigues, F., Caseley, E. A., Poulter, J. A., & McDermott, M. (2020) · Genes and Immunity · doi:10.1038/s41435-020-0104-x · Cited by 42
“Inhibition of particular inflammasomes, or of the cytokines they release, have shown significant promise as treatments for both monogenic and uSAIDs, and this approach continues to be developed [4].”
BackgroundUnraveling the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in allergic inflammation: implications for novel therapies
Lu, H.-F., Zhou, Y.-C., Hu, T., Yang, D., Wang, X.-J., Luo, D., Qiu, S., Cheng, B., & Zeng, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1435892 · Cited by 45
Yao, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, L., Yang, L., & Li, S. (2022) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2022.11569 · Cited by 39
“3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key component of the innate immune system, consisting of a nucleotide‐binding domain, an apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein (ASC) and pro‐caspase‐1 (6).”
BackgroundVascular Stress Signaling in Hypertension
Cicalese, S. M., da Silva, J. F., Priviero, F. B. M., Webb, R. C., Eguchi, S., & Tostes, R. C. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.318053 · Cited by 54
The prophylaxis and treatment potential of supplements for COVID-19
Sahebnasagh, A., Saghafi, F., Avan, R., Khoshi, A., Khataminia, M., Safdari, M., Habtemariam, S., Ghaleno, H. R., & Nabavi, S. M. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173530 · Cited by 48
Agarwal, S., Sasane, S., Shah, H. A., Pethani, J. P., Deshmukh, P. H., Vyas, V., Iyer, P. S., Bhavsar, H., Viswanathan, K., Bandyopadhyay, D., et al. (2020) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00433 · Cited by 55
Type 1 diabetes mellitus: Inflammation, mitophagy, and mitochondrial function
Blagov, A. V., Summerhill, V. I., Sukhorukov, V. N., Popov, M. A., Grechko, A. V., & Orekhov, A. N. (2023) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.002 · Cited by 45
Grotemeyer, A., Fischer, J. F., Koprich, J. B., Brotchie, J. M., Blum, R., Volkmann, J., & Ip, C. W. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02759-0 · Cited by 47
“It directly blocks the ATPase domain of NLRP3, inhibiting (non-)canonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome [15, 16].”
BackgroundMiR‐223‐3p and miR‐22‐3p inhibit monosodium urate‐induced gouty inflammation by targeting NLRP3
Wang, X., Chi, J., Dong, B., Xu, L.-L., Zhou, Y., Huang, Y., Sun, S., Wei, F., Liu, Y., Liu, C.-F., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.14089 · Cited by 38
Chen, P., Chen, F., Lei, J., & Zhou, B. (2023) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7848 · Cited by 38
Silica Nanoparticles Cause Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in-vitro Model-Using Microglia
Hou, S., Li, C., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Guo, Y., Ning, X., Ma, K., Li, X., Shao, H., Cui, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s372485 · Cited by 51
“Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death triggered by intracellular sensors such as NLRP3, which is mainly expressed in microglia in the CNS and can be activated by a variety of stimuli within the cell.(38) After cells are stimulated Figure 7 Inhibition of ferroptosis and effects of SiNPs on inflammatory respo…”
BackgroundZhang, H.-H., Wang, J., Lang, W., Liu, H.-L., Zhang, Z.-Q., Wu, T.-L., Li, H., Bai, L., & Shi, Q.-M. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108824 · Cited by 37
Ortega, J. T., & Jastrzębska, B. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13111935 · Cited by 45
Zhang, W.-T., Ba, G., Tang, R., Li, M.-X., & Lin, H. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106394 · Cited by 37
The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Insights from Epileptic Models
Palumbo, L., Carinci, M., Guarino, A., Asth, L., Zucchini, S., Missiroli, S., Rimessi, A., Pinton, P., & Giorgi, C. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102825 · Cited by 39
“Due to the complex signaling cascade of the NLRP3 inflammasome, several targets can be identified to directly or indirectly inhibit NLRP3 activity [199,200].”
BackgroundNLRP3 and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis: Progress in Research
Pan, H., Jian, Y., Wang, F., Yu, S., Guo, J., Kan, J., & Guo, W. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11233758 · Cited by 40
“Therefore, together with experimental epithelial cells (IEC), intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), and Peyer’s patches (PP), the gut microbiota account for one of the primary components of the intestinal immune system [7,8].”
BackgroundKasti, A. N., Synodinou, K. D., Pyrousis, I., Nikolaki, M. D., & Τriantafyllou, Κ. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9112376 · Cited by 36
“mellitus, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases [16].”
BackgroundCritical Molecular and Cellular Contributors to Tau Pathology
Song, L., Wells, E. A., & Robinson, A. S. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9020190 · Cited by 40
“Antagonizing purinoreceptor (P2 × 7R) to prevent the assembly of an active NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia has been suggested as one of the best approaches to control neuroinflammation caused by microglial activation and has therapeutic potential for treating tauopathies [109,110].”
BackgroundThe P2X7 Receptor and NLRP3 Axis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Brief Review
Rossato, M., Vincenzo, A. D., Pagano, C., Hadi, H. E., & Vettor, R. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9041047 · Cited by 36
Inflammation and immune response in the development of periodontal disease: a narrative review
López-Valverde, N., Quispe‐López, N., & Rueda, J. A. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1493818 · Cited by 36
Zhang, K., Lin, L., Zhu, Y., Zhang, N., Zhou, M., & Li, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.894981 · Cited by 26
“AnomalousNLRP3 inflammasome activation is associated with the development of many diseases (Zahid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialMalinczak, C., Schuler, C. F., IV, Duran, A. J., Rasky, A. J., Mire, M. M., Núñez, G., Lukacs, N. W., & Fonseca, W. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13040692 · Cited by 38
“NLRP3-inflammasome plays a crucial role in innate immunity that elicits the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL18 [15,16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdvances in immunotherapy for the treatment of spinal cord injury
Mamun, A. A., Monalisa, I., Kubra, K. T., Akter, A., Akter, J., Sarker, T., Munir, F., Wu, Y., Jia, C., Taniya, M. A., et al. (2020) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152033 · Cited by 40
Vincristine- and bortezomib-induced neuropathies – from bedside to bench and back
Geisler, S. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113519 · Cited by 42
The (neuro)inflammatory system in anxiety disorders and PTSD: Potential treatment targets
Sah, A., & Singewald, N. (2025) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108825 · Cited by 39
Noureldeen, M. E., Shahin, N. N., Amin, H. A. A., El‐Sawalhi, M. M., & Ghaiad, H. R. (2024) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-024-00917-5 · Cited by 37
“Moreover, PTL is a well-established inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome and its inflammatory cascade (Ding et al. 2022; Juliana et al. 2010; Zahid et al. 2019), via alkylation of the cysteine residues in the ATPase domain of NLRP3 and in caspase-1 (Coll et al. 2015).”
BackgroundLi, W., Xu, H., Shao, J., Chen, J., Lin, Y., Zheng, Z., Wang, Y., Luo, W., & Liang, G. (2023) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.16036 · Cited by 39
“Meanwhile, pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome has become an effective therapeutic approach (Zahid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHseu, Y., Tseng, Y., Pandey, S., Shrestha, S., Lin, K., Lin, C., Lee, C.-C., Huang, S., & Yang, H. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4266214 · Cited by 39
“…for its repression by taking bene fi ts of the complex NLRP3 in fl ammasome signaling cascades, such as inhibition of NLRP3 in fl ammasome activation, inhibition of caspase-1 activation, suppression of upstream signals, and neutralization of in fl ammatory cytokines secreted by NLRP3 in fl ammasome [7].”
Baragetti, A., Catapano, A. L., & Magni, P. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21124459 · Cited by 39
“This group of agents includes inhibitors for the components of NLRP inflammasome (parthenolide, VX-740 and VX-765, Bay 11-7082, β-hydroxybutyrate, microRNA-223), indirect inhibitors (glyburide, JC124, FC11A-2), and direct inhibitors of NLRP3 protein (MCC950, 3,4-Methylenedioxy-b-nitrostyrene, CY-09, oridonin) [78,79].”
BackgroundCyclophilin D plays a critical role in the survival of senescent cells
Protasoni, M., López-Polo, V., Attolini, C. S., Brandariz, J., Herranz, N., Mateo, J., Ruiz, S., Fernández-Capetillo, Ó., Kovatcheva, M., & Serrano, M. (2024) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/s44318-024-00259-2 · Cited by 37
“To test this possibility, we incubated CypD-depleted proliferative and senescent IMR90 and A549 cells (generated in the same manner as in previous experiments) with different concentrations of a caspase-1 and -4 inhibitor (VX-765) known to prevent pyroptosis (Zahid et al, 2019).”
Pharmacological intervention of curcumin via the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke
Du, X., Amin, N., Xu, L., Botchway, B. O. A., Zhang, B., & Fang, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1249644 · Cited by 42
The trigger for pancreatic disease: NLRP3 inflammasome
Liu, T., Wang, Q., Du, Z., Yin, L., Li, J., Meng, X., & Xue, D. (2023) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-023-01550-7 · Cited by 33
“It blocks potassium K channels on the membrane of pancreatic beta cells, preventing the efflux of K from cells [80].”
BackgroundYang, H., Lin, P.-Y., Vadivalagan, C., Lin, Y., Lin, K., & Hseu, Y. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03456-w · Cited by 38
“ASC/ caspase-1 activation suppression, neutralization of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1 or IL-18), and prevention of NLRP3 inflammasome production are all potential targets for NLRP3 inflammasome suppression (Zahid et al. 2019).”
BackgroundNLRP3 Inflammasome in Atherosclerosis: Putting Out the Fire of Inflammation
Shao, B., Xu, H., Zhao, Y.-C., Zheng, X.-R., Wang, F., & Zhao, G.-R. (2022) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-022-01725-x · Cited by 34
Novel insights into NOD-like receptors in renal diseases
Jin, J., Zhou, T.-J., Ren, G., Cai, L., & Meng, X. (2022) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-022-00886-7 · Cited by 37
Wang, J., Ding, Q., Yang, Q., Fan, H. J., Yu, G., Liu, F., Bello, B. K., Zhang, X. L., Zhang, T., Dong, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.769777 · Cited by 39
González‐Dominguez, A., Montañez, R., Castejón‐Vega, B., Nuñez‐Vasco, J., Lendines‐Cordero, D., Wang, C., Mbalaviele, G., Navarro‐Pando, J. M., Alcocer‐Gómez, E., & Cordero, M. D. (2021) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202114012 · Cited by 32
Chen, J., Chen, B., Lin, B., Huang, Y., Li, J.-Z., Li, J., Chen, Z.-Y., Wang, P., Ran, B., Yang, J., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38302 · Cited by 32
Pharmacological targets at the lysosomal autophagy–NLRP3 inflammasome crossroads
Bonam, S. R., Mastrippolito, D., Georgel, P., & Muller, S. (2023) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2023.11.005 · Cited by 43
Li, L., Liu, S., Tan, J., Wei, L., Wu, D., Gao, S., Weng, Y., & Chen, J. (2022) · Journal of Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1177/20417314221088509 · Cited by 38
Glial Purinergic Signaling in Neurodegeneration
Pietrowski, M. J., Gabr, A. A., Kozlov, S. O., Blum, D. L., Halle, A., & Carvalho, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.654850 · Cited by 49
“Accordingly, new therapeutic strategies targeting glial signaling pathways are currently being tested in pre-clinical intervention studies, for example, treatments modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome (7), astrocytic nuclear factor kappa-β (8) and TREM2mediated signaling (9), among others.”
BackgroundUbc13 Promotes K63-Linked Polyubiquitination of NLRP3 to Activate Inflammasome
Ni, J., Guan, C., Liu, H., Huang, X., Yue, J., Xiang, H., Jiang, Z., Tao, Y., Cao, W., Liu, J., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2001178 · Cited by 39
A New Therapeutic Framework for Atrial Fibrillation Drug Development
Ang, Y.-S., Rajamani, S., Haldar, S. M., & Hüser, J. (2020) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.316576 · Cited by 38
Vegivinti, C. T. R., Keesari, P. R., Veeraballi, S., Maia, C., Mehta, A. K., Lavu, R. R., Thakur, R., Tella, S. H., Patel, R. J., Kakumani, V. K., et al. (2023) · Experimental Hematology and Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40164-023-00422-1 · Cited by 43
“Ibrutinib, a BTK inhibitor that prevents the formation of ASC specks and Caspase 1 activation is used in combination with lenalidomide and 5′-Azacytidine is under phase 1 clinical trials for MDS (NCT03359460 and NCT02553941) [66, 69].”
BackgroundMethodThe Role of H2S Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetes
Zhao, H., Liu, H., Yang, Y., & Wang, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094818 · Cited by 31
NLRP3 inflammasome in rosmarinic acid-afforded attenuation of acute kidney injury in mice
Akhter, J., Khan, J., Baghel, M., Beg, M. M. A., Goswami, P., Afjal, M. A., Ahmad, S., Habib, H., Najmi, A. K., & Raisuddin, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-04785-z · Cited by 37
Sarbadhikary, P., George, B. P. A., & Abrahamse, H. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26206238 · Cited by 38
Therapeutic targeting of the inflammasome in myeloid malignancies
Chakraborty, S., Shapiro, L. C., de Oliveira, S., Rivera-Peña, B., Verma, A. K., & Shastri, A. (2021) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/s41408-021-00547-8 · Cited by 40
“Interestingly, recent reports have identified GSDMD to be a specific effector protein triggering pyroptosis, making it an attractive target which could have an important future role in immune therapeutic approaches designed to target specifically pyroptosis as an inflammasome activation downstream effect [81, 86].”
BackgroundQuinones as preventive agents in Alzheimer’s diseases: focus on NLRP3 inflammasomes
Chen, D., Gao, H., Peng, C., Pei, S., Dai, A., Yu, X., Zhou, P., Wang, Y., & Cai, B. (2020) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.13332 · Cited by 34
“Increased activation of NLRP3 has been related to several chronic pathologies, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis.([13]) At present, MCC950, a diarylsulfonylurea-containing compound, is considered one of the most potent and selective inhibitors of NLRP3…”
BackgroundInflammatory response in relation to COVID-19 and other prothrombotic phenotypes
Paramo, J. (2020) · Reumatología Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.reumae.2020.06.007 · Cited by 31
Inflammasome Molecular Insights in Autoimmune Diseases
Neamţu, M., Bild, V., Vasincu, A., Arcan, O. D., Bulea, D., Ababei, D. C., Rusu, R.-N., Macadan, I., Sciucă, A. M., & Neamțu, A. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46040220 · Cited by 35
“Furthermore, a range of compounds, including BHB, oridonin, tranilast, CY-09, parthenolide, and Bay 11-7082, directly target NLRP3 proteins [191].”
BackgroundNazari, S., Pourmand, S. M., Motevaseli, E., & Hassanzadeh, G. (2023) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.2759 · Cited by 29
Wang, S.-L., Zhang, M., Zhou, H., Su, G., Ding, Y., Xu, G., Wang, X., Li, C., Huang, W.-F., & Yi, L. (2023) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2023.01.004 · Cited by 31
“Themost characterized is NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is highly relevant to inflammation reaction and plays an important role in the human body and animals [8].”
BackgroundInflammasomes as mediators of inflammation in HIV-1 infection
Min, A. K., Fortune, T., Rodriguez, N., Hedge, E., & Swartz, T. H. (2022) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.07.008 · Cited by 34
Anti-inflammatory Strategies in Atherosclerosis
Bugger, H., & Zirlik, A. (2021) · Hämostaseologie · doi:10.1055/a-1661-0020 · Cited by 32
The NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Role in the Pathogenicity of Leukemia
Urwanisch, L., Luciano, M., & Horejs‐Hoeck, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22031271 · Cited by 37
“Therefore, several pharmacological inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome have been developed to intervene at different levels in the complex signaling pathway, as recently summarized [86,91].”
BackgroundInflammasome Activation in Pollution-Induced Skin Conditions
Ferrara, F., Prieux, R., Woodby, B. L., & Valacchi, G. (2020) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000007617 · Cited by 35
Fitzpatrick, S. F., King, A., O’Donnell, C., Roche, H. M., & Ryan, S. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13202 · Cited by 34
“Recent investigations have also addressed various inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome, broadly broken down into direct inhibitors of the NLRP3 protein or indirect inhibitors aimed at other components and products of the inflammasome (Zahid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAlatshan, A., Kovács, G. E., Aladdin, A., Czimmerer, Z., Tar, K., & Benkő, S. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071591 · Cited by 35
The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Injury
Huang, S., Che, J., Chu, Q., & Zhang, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00140 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Zahid, A., Li, B., Kombe, A. J. K., Jin, T., & Tao, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jin, Tengchuan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-10-25
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2538-2538
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6842943
- OpenAlex
- W2982061867
- Cited by
- 671
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 69
- FWCI
- 7.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (201904a07020103, 81771774)
- Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (1708085MH191)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Research
- Keywords
- NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammasome inhibitors, NLRP3, ASC, pyroptosis, inflammatory cytokines, innate immunity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, Animals, Dipeptides, Glyburide, Humans, Nitriles, Sulfones, Inflammasomes, para-Aminobenzoates, ortho-Aminobenzoates
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