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Pharmacological Inhibitors of the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Open accessAbstract
Inflammasomes play a crucial role in innate immunity by serving as signaling platforms which deal with a plethora of pathogenic products and cellular products associated with stress and damage. By far, the best studied and most characterized inflammasome is NLRP3 inflammasome, which consists of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain), and procaspase-1. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is mediated by highly diverse stimuli. Upon activation, NLRP3 protein recruits the adapter ASC protein, which recruits the procaspase-1 resulting in its cleavage and activation, inducing the maturation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. However, aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in various diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases; raising a tremendous clinical interest in exploring the potential inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent investigations have disclosed various inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway which were validated through in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in animal models of NLRP3-associated disorders. Some of these inhibitors directly target the NLRP3 protein whereas some are aimed at other components and products of the inflammasome. Direct targeting of NLRP3 protein can be a better choice because it can prevent off target immunosuppressive effects, thus restrain tissue destruction. This paper will review the various pharmacological inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome and will also discuss their mechanism of action.
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“the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key regulator of SASP induction, widely involved in disease and for which drug development is active (Zahid et al. 2019).”
From Senescence and the SASP: many therapeutic avenues (2020) · cites this paper as Zahid et al. 2019
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“Inhibiting NLRP3 reduces cardiac remodeling, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in HFpEF [93, 94].”
Current development in sulfonamide derivatives to enable CNS-drug discovery
Blicharz-Futera, K., Kamiński, M., Grychowska, K., Canale, V., & Zajdel, P. (2024) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.108076 · Cited by 13
Saponins as potential novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors for inflammatory disorders
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“These conditions include metabolic syndrome and disorders such as atherosclerosis, gout, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and inflammation in multiple organs (Zahid et al. 2019).”
Xiang, T., Li, L., Li, J.-X., Chen, X.-Y., Guo, F., Liu, J., Wu, Y.-T., Lin, L., Xu, R.-H., Wang, H.-P., et al. (2024) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-024-01345-1 · Cited by 10
“At the same time, a considerable number of studies has shown that ROS was associated with NLRP3 in fl ammasome activation and caused caspase 1-dependent pyroptosis [33, 34].”
CXCL4:NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis product that regulates cardiac fibrosis.
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Wu, F., Du, T., Jiang, X., Liu, S., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Miao, W., & Wang, T. (2024) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-024-03947-7 · Cited by 10
“NLRP3 is a cytoplasmic PRR protein that is expressed by a variety of cells (Zahid et al. 2019) and consists of the sensor molecule NLRP3, the adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain ASC containing (ASC) and procaspase-1 are also part of this…”
Chen, N., Chen, P.-Y., Zhou, Y., Chen, S.-D., Gong, S., Fu, M., & Geng, L. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11050993 · Cited by 10
“When the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated, caspase1 is self-cleaved and activated, resulting in the maturation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines [22,23].”
BackgroundDucournau, C., Cantin, P., Alerte, V., Quintard, B., Popelin-Wedlarski, F., Wedlarski, R., Ollivet-Courtois, F., Maltot, J. F.-P., Herkt, C., Fasquelle, F., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.02.003 · Cited by 10
Jia, Y., Xue, K., Luo, Y., & Liu, C. (2023) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-023-06566-0 · Cited by 10
Zhou, J., Onodera, S., & Yu, Q. (2022) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13605 · Cited by 13
Oxidative stress-triggered pyroptosis mediates Candida albicans susceptibility in diabetic foot.
Chen, N., Deng, J., Zhang, Z., Feng, X., Wang, H., Chen, J., Li, L., Cao, Y.-M., Jia, C.-L., & Cao, Y.-B. (2022) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105765 · Cited by 10
The noncanonical inflammasome in health and disease
Cahoon, J. G., Yang, D., & Wang, P. (2022) · Infectious Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.imj.2022.09.001 · Cited by 12
“Also, there has been a plethora of NLRP3 inhibitors designed and evaluated that yield exciting opportunities for therapeutically treating inflammation [79] .”
BackgroundNunes, P. R., Bueno-Pereira, T. O., Bertozzi-Matheus, M., Grandini, N. A., Siqueira, J. S., Corrêa, C. R., Abbade, J. F., & Sandrim, V. C. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11081620 · Cited by 12
“Specifically, GB inhibits inflammasome activation by inducing the closure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels, increasing intracellular potassium concentration [13].”
BackgroundTrained innate immunity and diseases: Bane with the boon
Mishra, S., Arsh, A. M., & Rathore, J. S. (2022) · Clinical Immunology Communications · doi:10.1016/j.clicom.2022.08.004 · Cited by 9
Zuo, D., Do, N., Hwang, I., Ann, J., Yu, J.-W., & Lee, J. (2022) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128693 · Cited by 10
Respuesta inflamatoria en relación con COVID-19 y otros fenotipos protrombóticos
Páramo, J. (2020) · Reumatología Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2020.06.004 · Cited by 10
Heart failure and obesity: novel insights leading to new treatment paradigms
Meems, L. M. G., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Sattar, N. A., & Lee, M. M. Y. (2025) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-025-01190-7 · Cited by 16
“The NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 has been identified as one of the most promising immunomodulators 153 and has been shown to improve cardiac structure and function in a preclinical model of HFpEF 154 .”
Kalu, A., & Ray, S. K. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020144 · Cited by 11
“…has also been shown to attenuate production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 β and IL-18 by NLPR3 activation without eliciting any off-target immunosuppressive effects and thus provides a means through which the effects of this inflammasome complex can be dampened among cases of PD [49].”
Expression of intron-containing HIV-1 RNA induces NLRP1 inflammasome activation in myeloid cells
Jalloh, S., Hughes, I. A., Akiyama, H., Gojanovich, A. D., Quiñones-Molina, A. A., Yang, M., Henderson, A. J., Mostoslavsky, G., & Gummuluru, S. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003320 · Cited by 9
“However, emerging interventions targeting host drivers of inflammation provide an exciting avenue for future therapeutics [119–121] against HIV-associated non-AIDS complications.”
Sharma, S., Gilberto, V. S., Rask, J. C., Chatterjee, A., & Nagpal, P. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00160 · Cited by 10
Zhong, C., Yang, J., Deng, K., Lang, X., Zhang, J., Li, M., Qiu, L., Zhong, G., & Yu, J. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28227527 · Cited by 11
The strategies of NLRP3 inflammasome to combat Toxoplasma gondii
Yoon, C., Ham, Y. S., Gil, W. J., & Yang, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002387 · Cited by 12
“NLRP3 activation leads to the assembling of an oligomeric protein complex that includes an adaptor protein called apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspaserecruitment domain (ASC) and an effector protein, pro-caspase1 (17).”
BackgroundSeguro, C. K., Beckler, M. D., & Kesselman, M. M. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.24704 · Cited by 8
“Among these inflammasomes, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) has been the most characterized and extensively studied [1,2] and will be the focus of this review.”
BackgroundCOVID ‐19 pathophysiology and ultrasound imaging: A multiorgan review
Ito, G. N. W., Rodrigues, V. A. C., Hümmelgen, J., Meschino, G. S. P. G., Abou‐Rejaile, G. M., Brenny, I. D., Júnior, C. R. D. C., Artigas, R. C., Munhoz, J. P. D. S., Cardoso, G. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Ultrasound · doi:10.1002/jcu.23160 · Cited by 6
Nakashima, Y., Gotoh, K., Mizuguchi, S., Setoyama, D., Takata, Y., Kanno, T., & Kang, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.763492 · Cited by 10
Probenecid Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
Jones, L. P., Martin, D. E., Murray, J., Sancilio, F. D., & Tripp, R. A. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15040511 · Cited by 9
“Treatment with the MAPK inhibitors our via , 25 µM JNK inhibitor (SP600125), 10 µM ERK inhibitor (PD98059), 20 µM p38 inhibitor SB202190), or diluent (0.1% DMSO) were added for the last 2 h of LPS treatment.”
InfluentialJiang, T., Liu, X., Wang, S., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Li, X.-J., & Yao, G.-H. (2025) · Free Radical Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.03.043 · Cited by 8
Balde, A., Benjakul, S., & Nazeer, R. A. (2025) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01656-7 · Cited by 8
“Currently, none of these products has received approval from the Food and Drug Administration or other authorities (Zahid et al. 2019).”
Montazeri-Khosh, Z., Ebrahimpour, A., Keshavarz, M., Sheybani‐Arani, M., & Samiei, A. (2025) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923973.2024.2444956 · Cited by 8
“…of several key molecules involved in pyropto-sis, including caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), interleukin-1β (il-1β), and interleukin-18 (il-18) [46]. targeting these molecules can effectively reduce inflammation and pyroptosis. caspase-1 inhibitors like Ac-yvAD-cmk [65] and vx-765 [42,61],…”
Inflammasomes and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Sun, R., Chu, J., & Li, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1449969 · Cited by 8
Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasomes: A Trojan Horse Strategy for Intervention in Neurological Disorders
Tork, M. A. B., Fotouhi, S., Roozi, P., & Negah, S. S. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04359-2 · Cited by 9
“Some well-investigated direct NLRP3 inhibitors in SCI, TBI, and cerebrovascular injuries (ICH, SAH, and IS) are Bay 11–7082 [179], A438079 [180], A-68930 [181], oridonin [182], JC-124 [183], MCC950 [27, 60, 167, 184], Ac-YVAD-cmk [177], and tranilast [185, 186].”
Multiple sclerosis: the NLRP3 inflammasome, gasdermin D, and therapeutics
Brint, A. A., Greene, S., Fennig-Victor, A. R., & Wang, S. (2024) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-23-1960 · Cited by 8
“Increased intracellular Ca 2+ precludes a chain of initiations that include activation of the TAK1 kinase, which helps regulate cell death by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (39-41).”
Dutta, D., Liu, J.-N., Xu, E.-Q., & Xiong, H. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3707515/v1 · Cited by 8
“Among various in�ammasome complexes, the NLRP3 is an extensively studied and well-characterized in�ammasome [33, 34], which recognizes various stimuli via NOD like receptor (NLR) and serves as a platform for caspase-1 activation.”
BackgroundVasculitis and the NLRP3 inflammasome
Hamzaoui, K., & Hamzaoui, A. (2023) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000962 · Cited by 8
“Pharmacological inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome have been reported, and these are generally classified into direct and indirect inhibitors [75].”
BackgroundUse of Computation Ecosystems to Analyze the Kidney-Heart Crosstalk
Wu, Z., Lohmöller, J., Kuhl, C. K., Wehrle, K., & Jankowski, J. (2023) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.123.321765 · Cited by 12
“Zahid et al 29 have extensively reviewed the various pharmacological”
BackgroundHosseini, E., Kohan‐Ghadr, H., Bazrafkan, M., Amorim, C. A., Askari, M., Zakeri, A., Mousavi, S. N., Kafaeinezhad, R., Afradiasbagharani, P., Esfandyari, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-023-02768-1 · Cited by 9
“For instance, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suppression of upstream and/or downstream signals, blockade of inflammasome assembly and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, inhibition of caspase-1 activation, and neutralization of the cytokines produced by the NLRP3 inflammasome can all be tailored for the prospe…”
BackgroundPentraxin-3 Promotes LPS-Induced Pyroptosis in Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
Gu, Y., & Shen, J. (2022) · Cells Tissues Organs · doi:10.1159/000524676 · Cited by 8
“A previous study suggested that pyroptosis is mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome [Qiu et al., 2019], which is an important component of innate immunity and plays key roles in the immune response and a variety of diseases [Zahid et al., 2019].”
BackgroundMehra, A., Khanna, J., Singh, G., Sachdeva, V., & Bedi, N. (2025) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-025-00308-y · Cited by 8
“Apart from astrocytes, inflammasomes lead to activation of microglia which played a key role in detecting different pathogens and cellular byproducts that are connected to damage and stress [121].”
Ye, L., Huang, W., Li, W., Yao, Y., Peng, Q., Fu, Z., Xie, S., He, Q. Z., Liu, Y., Wan, P., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141644 · Cited by 4
Abraham, D., Singh, A., & Goyal, A. (2023) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.013 · Cited by 6
Nie, Y., & Wang, F. (2023) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001873 · Cited by 12
Unraveling mechanisms of pentraxin 3 secretion in adipocytes during inflammation
Lin, T., Guo, H., & Chen, X. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-21-0026 · Cited by 11
Wang, X., Liu, Y., Han, X., Zou, G., Zhu, W., Shen, H. C., & Liu, H. (2021) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128101 · Cited by 13
Sheriff, L., & Lalor, P. F. (2021) · Livers · doi:10.3390/livers1020007 · Cited by 7
“This molecule has been through Phase 1 and 2 trials for degenerative arthritis [90] and thus has significant potential for use in human metabolic disease.”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, J., Wu, M., Xiao, L., Du, G., Chen, M., Magupalli, V. G., Dahlberg, P. D., Wu, H., & Jensen, G. J. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aee2473 · Cited by 16
“Early studies revealed that germline mutations and hyperactivity of NLRP3 are associated with rare hereditary autoin-flammatory diseases in humans ( 6 – 8 ).”
Molecular insights into NLRP3 inflammasome and miRNA modulation in oral cancer
Mannino, D., D'Ariano, M., Bello, I., Paterniti, I., Casili, G., & Panza, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1713259 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, although new-generation inhibitors demonstrate greater specificity for the NLRP3 complex, they still lack tumor-selective activity, raising concerns about off-target effects in tissues with physiological inflammasome functions (Zahid et al., 2019).”
Bloodstream Infection-induced Neuroinflammation: from Systemic Infection To Brain Invasion
Anand, G., & Lahariya, R. (2025) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-025-04626-y · Cited by 5
Ciani, M., Rigillo, G., Bertarini, B., Benatti, C., Alboni, S., & Tascedda, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1711656 · Cited by 6
Ortega, A. J., Daniel, S., Renwick, M., Kambhampati, P., Thompson, K. N., Collier, G. E., Baker, E. L., Zaki, H., & Hulleman, J. D. (2025) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-025-08104-y · Cited by 7
“Yet, while many NLRP3 inhibitors are effective systemically on circulating immune cells, they suffer from poor penetration into the brain or eye [110] and have been found to cause liver toxicity [111, 112].”
Zhang, Y., Lv, Y., Yang, T., Liu, Q., & Guo, Q. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.1177/25424823251361056 · Cited by 3
“62 Activation of this in fl ammasome involves a two-step mechanism: priming by NF-κ B-dependent transcriptional upregulation of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1 β , followed by a second signal triggering its assembly via ionic fl ux, pore-forming toxins, or crystalline/aggregated materials.”
Hassen, M. D., Mousa, N. O., Radwan, S. M., & Gabre, R. M. (2025) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-024-02187-z · Cited by 6
“…inflammasome due to its nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich–containing family, and pyrin domain–contain-ing-3 composition that is expressed in diverse types of cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, microglia, epithelial cells, neurons, osteoblasts and dendritic cells [14].”
Zhang, Y., Che, N., Wang, B., Liu, S., Dong, Y., Kong, X., Yun, Y., Li, S., Tang, X., & Liao, Y. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114361 · Cited by 6
Su, H., Yue, H.-Y., Liu, F., Sun, Y., Liang, S., Zheng, X.-W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, J., & Han, L. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114333 · Cited by 6
Zhang, X., Lu, J., Wu, Y., Huang, B., Chen, K., Huang, W., & Li, J. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.119172 · Cited by 5
Avanafil Mitigates Testicular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via NLRP3 Pathway Modulation in Rats
Çelik, M., Aydın, P., Civelek, M. S., Akgun, N., Karakoy, Z., Ozcelik, C., Tanri̇verdi̇yeva, G., & Toktay, E. (2024) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-024-01696-4 · Cited by 6
Chang, H., Liou, Y.-S., & Sun, D. (2024) · Tzu Chi Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_100_24 · Cited by 7
“After activation, the inflammasome-activated caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1 β , pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D, leading to the secretion of IL-1 β and IL-18 [31,32] and induction of inflammatory programmed cell death-pyroptosis [29] [Figure 2].”
BackgroundYang, H., Park, G., Lee, S., Lee, S., Kim, Y., Zamora, N. A., Yi, D., Kim, S., Choi, C. W., Choi, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.18356 · Cited by 4
Li, Y., Ling, P., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Li, G., Qiu, C., Wang, J., & Gong, K. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16692 · Cited by 6
“…of these annotated proteins were enriched in the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways, which have important roles in pyroptosis ( Li et al., 2018 ; Li et al., 2019 ) and the intestinal epithelial barrier ( Shao et al., 2017 ; Xiong et al., 2020 ), and the chemokine signaling pathway, which…”
Allen, J., Isaza-Correa, J. M., Kelly, L. A., Melo, A. M., Mahony, A., McDonald, D., & Molloy, E. J. (2024) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-024-03023-8 · Cited by 6
Gong, B., He, M.-X., Shen, X., Tan, L.-M., & Zha, Z. (2023) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156168 · Cited by 6
Damane, B. P., Mulaudzi, T. V., Kader, S., Naidoo, P., Savkovic, S. D., Dlamini, Z., & Mkhize‐Kwitshana, Z. L. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15030748 · Cited by 7
Giannos, P., Prokopidis, K., Isanejad, M., & Wright, H. L. (2022) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02613-2 · Cited by 7
“This may lead to IL-1Β secretion inducing pyroptosis [62].”
BackgroundKawan, S., Backlund, M., Immonen, A., Kivelä, T., & Turunen, J. A. (2022) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo-2022-321825 · Cited by 7
Martins, G. L., Ferreira, C. N., Palotás, A., Rocha, N. P., & Reis, H. J. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x20666220327215245 · Cited by 6
“Importantly, as the NLRP3 inflammasome has been linked to a variety of diseases, several compounds that act as inhibitors of this inflammatory molecule have been studied for the treatment of different clinical conditions [98].”
Herbal Compounds in the Treatment of Pulmonary Silicosis
Adamčáková, J., & Mokrá, D. (2021) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/10.33549/physiolres.934817 · Cited by 21
Molecular and Therapeutic Targets for Amyloid-beta Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review Study
Thomas, J., & WILSON, S. K. (2021) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2021.3522.1 · Cited by 6
“A recent study on MCC950 also demonstrated that it can block nigericin-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting efflux of chloride that acts as an upstream pathway for NLRP3 activation (Zahid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundTummala, P., Rooke, M., Dahlstrom, J. E., Takahashi, S., Casarotto, M. G., Fernando, N., Hughes, M. M., O'Neill, L. A. J., & Philip G. Board (2021) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgab008 · Cited by 8
Status and future directions of clinical trials in Parkinson's disease
Söderbom, G. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.009 · Cited by 14
NLRP3 inflammasome: a key player in neonatal brain injury
Kiser, C., Ercan, İ., Engür, D., & Genç, Ş. (2025) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/cep.2024.01935 · Cited by 4
“14) In contrast, human Caspase-4,5 or murine Caspase-11 can detect cytosolic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) originating from pathogens, including gram-negative bacteria.”
Zhang, C., Liu, S., Sui, Y., & Yang, M. (2025) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.4251/wjgo.v17.i2.100094 · Cited by 5
“The exploration of potent NLRP3 inhibitors and IL-1 inhibitors attracts wide attention in both research and pharmaceutical fields[62,63].”
Zhong, S., Zhong, S., Wu, Y. G., Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Li, S., Wu, Y., Huang, X., Zhu, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.01.076 · Cited by 3
Guan, J., Abudouaini, H., Lin, K., & Yang, K. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01369-x · Cited by 6
“The abnormal chronic activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in the onset of various diseases, including the metabolic syndrome, T1DM, T2DM, gout, Alzheimer’s disease, and atherosclerosis [128, 129].”
BackgroundRetractedChiu, H., Wu, C., Lin, W., Wong, W.-T., Tsai, W.-C., Hsu, H.-T., Ho, C., Cheng, S., Cheng, C., Yang, S., et al. (2024) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-023-01939-7 · Cited by 6
“While synthetic compounds and natural products have traditionally been sources of these inhibitors [22], repurposing existing drugs has emerged as a promising strategy.”
Zhao, C., Liu, C., & Li, X.-Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291345 · Cited by 5
Zuo, Z., Shi, J., Wang, Y. X., Yin, Z., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Jia, B., & Sun, Y. (2023) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149409 · Cited by 4
Zeng, N., Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Zhou, Y., & Yan, J. (2023) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105610 · Cited by 8
The regulatory effect of intermittent fasting on inflammasome activation in health and disease
Wang, C., Liu, Z., Cai, J., & Xu, X. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad104 · Cited by 6
Ran, S., Shu, Q., & Gao, X. (2023) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713683.2023.2250583 · Cited by 5
“44 We demonstrated that GSDMD, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1 b levels were elevated in the presence of IL-33 in HCECs, and that IL-33 deficiency was conducive to reducing DerP1-induced pyroptosis in HCECs.”
BackgroundWei, J.-Q., Yin, J., Cui, Y., Wang, K.-J., Hong, M.-Y., & Cui, J.-Z. (2023) · Experimental animals · doi:10.1538/expanim.22-0145 · Cited by 5
Zhang, J., Feng, Y., Han, S., Guan, X., He, Z., Song, C., Lv, L., & Luo, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1058012 · Cited by 9
“, 2015), including Oridonin, OLT1177, Tranilast and many other agents (Zahid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundTXNIP Participated in NLRP3-Mediated Inflammation in a Rat Model of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Liu, P.-S., Li, X., Liu, J., Zhang, H., You, Z., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s373614 · Cited by 5
“After activation, NLRP3 recruits ASC protein, which then recruits the pro-caspase-1 and promotes cleavage to caspase-1, resulting in production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines.(13,28) Rat models of CSM have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in damaged spinal cord.”
BackgroundYadav, D., Agarwal, S., Pancham, P., Jindal, D., Agarwal, V., Dubey, P. K., Jha, S. K., Mani, S., Rachana, R., Dey, A., et al. (2022) · Immuno · doi:10.3390/immuno2020022 · Cited by 7
Kim, K., Kim, Y., Jung, S., Kim, Y., Lee, S.-H., Kwon, S.-H., & Moon, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.844919 · Cited by 5
“Several NLRP3-targeted agents have been investigated in in vitro studies, some of which effectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in MNPs (10).”
BackgroundGenetic contribution and functional impairment of inflammasome in sickle cell disease
Dutra, V. D. F., Leal, V. N. C., Fernandes, F. P., Souza, C. R. L., Figueiredo, M. S., & Pontillo, A. (2021) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155717 · Cited by 8
Nimbolide ameliorates ARDS and ulcerative colitis by disrupting NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Xu, H., Lin, Y., Luo, W., Sheng, S., Xu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09524-y · Cited by 4
“This is particularly important given that other small molecule inhibitors have faced setbacks in clinical trials due to unforeseen liver toxicity or poor pharmacokinetics 44 .”
Visoso-Carvajal, G., García‐Cordero, J., Ybalmea-Gómez, Y., Díaz-Flores, M., León‐Juárez, M., Hernández‐Rivas, R., Nava, P., Villegas‐Sepúlveda, N., & Cedillo‐Barrón, L. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14121292 · Cited by 4
“To evaluate the implications of inflammasome activation on DENV-2 replication, NLRP3 was inhibited using glyburide, which prevents the activation of NLRP3 [32].”
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition by MCC950 reduces embryo implantation during early pregnancy in mice
Balci, C. N., Golal, E., Aslan, M., & Acar, N. (2025) · Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923973.2025.2563246 · Cited by 4
Liu, F., Shao, B., Zhu, Y., Xue, X., & Wu, X. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19828 · Cited by 3
“Over the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to elucidate the characteristics of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its roles in various diseases ( Olona, Leishman & Anand, 2022 ; Shao et al., 2014 ; Zahid et al., 2019 ).”
Sen, D., Bisht, S., & Gupta, S. (2025) · Egyptian Liver Journal · doi:10.1186/s43066-025-00446-8 · Cited by 3
“Currently, it is being evaluated in the Phase II clinical trial as an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor for treating HCC [23, 26].”
Wang, N., Zhao, P., Yin, Q., Li, L., Xu, H. E., Yang, C., Tu, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1595578 · Cited by 2
Wang, Z., Xi, Y., Lan, J., Yang, J., Shi, T., Xu, S., Xing, L., Pan, P., & Wang, J. (2025) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000002167 · Cited by 5
“There is also evidence that NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors mainly inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting NLRP3 and ASC, which can reduce cerebral ischemia injury and inhibit nerve cell necrosis [5].”
A novel regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome: Peptides
Zuo, Z., Wang, Y. X., Fang, Y., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Jia, B., & Sun, Y. (2025) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2025.171381 · Cited by 4
Xia, F., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Xue, M., Zhu, L., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Wang, R., Yuan, Q., et al. (2024) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156304 · Cited by 4
Gonçalves, N. N., Caldas, H. C., Marzochi, L. L., Baptista, M. A. S. F., Correia, C. D. J., Breithaupt‐Faloppa, A. C., Moreira, L. F. P., & Abbud‐Filho, M. (2024) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000005211 · Cited by 4
“13,14 MCC950 acts as a potent inhibitor of NLRP3 , and of its oligomeric protein complex termed as the NLRP3 inflammasome (Figure 1).”
Hirai, K., Kimura, T., Suzuki, Y., Shimoshikiryo, T., Shirai, T., & Itoh, K. (2024) · Clinical pharmacology and therapy · doi:10.1002/cpt.3254 · Cited by 4
“16,17 Because the concentration of plasma 4 β OHC is influenced by various factors, it is challenging to make direct comparisons with previous reports.”
BackgroundResultShields, C., Tardo, G., Wang, X., Peacock, G., Robbins, M., Glenn, H. L., Wilson, R., Williams, J. M., & Cornelius, D. C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25020863 · Cited by 4
Al-Sayani, Y. M., Al-Matari, E., Nor, M. N. M., Amran, N., & Alsayani, M. A. (2023) · Corporate Governance : The international journal of business in society · doi:10.1108/cg-03-2022-0122 · Cited by 4
Anwar, M. M., Sah, R., Shrestha, S., Ozaki, A., Roy, N., Fathah, Z., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2022) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-022-01674-5 · Cited by 6
Shi, Q.-Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, T.-T., Xiong, F., Zhang, R., Li, X.-L., Ji, X., Zhang, X.-J., Wang, W.-G., & Xiao, W.-L. (2021) · doi:10.1039/d1qo00396h · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Zahid, A., Li, B., Kombe, A. J. K., Jin, T., & Tao, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jin, Tengchuan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-10-25
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2538-2538
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6842943
- OpenAlex
- W2982061867
- Cited by
- 671
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 69
- FWCI
- 7.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (201904a07020103, 81771774)
- Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (1708085MH191)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Research
- Keywords
- NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammasome inhibitors, NLRP3, ASC, pyroptosis, inflammatory cytokines, innate immunity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, Animals, Dipeptides, Glyburide, Humans, Nitriles, Sulfones, Inflammasomes, para-Aminobenzoates, ortho-Aminobenzoates
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