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Pharmacological Inhibitors of the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Open accessAbstract
Inflammasomes play a crucial role in innate immunity by serving as signaling platforms which deal with a plethora of pathogenic products and cellular products associated with stress and damage. By far, the best studied and most characterized inflammasome is NLRP3 inflammasome, which consists of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain), and procaspase-1. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is mediated by highly diverse stimuli. Upon activation, NLRP3 protein recruits the adapter ASC protein, which recruits the procaspase-1 resulting in its cleavage and activation, inducing the maturation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. However, aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in various diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases; raising a tremendous clinical interest in exploring the potential inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent investigations have disclosed various inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway which were validated through in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in animal models of NLRP3-associated disorders. Some of these inhibitors directly target the NLRP3 protein whereas some are aimed at other components and products of the inflammasome. Direct targeting of NLRP3 protein can be a better choice because it can prevent off target immunosuppressive effects, thus restrain tissue destruction. This paper will review the various pharmacological inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome and will also discuss their mechanism of action.
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“the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key regulator of SASP induction, widely involved in disease and for which drug development is active (Zahid et al. 2019).”
From Senescence and the SASP: many therapeutic avenues (2020) · cites this paper as Zahid et al. 2019
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Cites
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Almeida-da-Silva, C. L. C., Moreira-Souza, A. C. A., & Ojcius, D. M. (2024) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2024.113744 · Cited by 3
Krajewski, P. K., Tsoukas, M. M., & Szepietowski, J. C. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46010043 · Cited by 4
“The NLRP3 inflammasome is a complex consisting of three basic components: the NLRP3 protein, the adapter protein ASC, and pro-caspase-1 [44].”
BackgroundWang, J., Hou, J., & Peng, C. (2024) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2024-0915 · Cited by 3
“Upon activation, NLRP3 protein recruits the adapter protein ASC and subsequently induces the cleavage and activation of procaspase-1 [44].”
BackgroundLiu, Z., Meng, Y., Wei, Q., Miao, Y., Yu, L., Li, Y., & Zhang, B. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Surgery · doi:10.1080/08941939.2021.1995541 · Cited by 4
“The concentrations of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-1β, and IL-18, were estimated using ELISA kits (Boster Biological Technology, Wuhan, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions.”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, H., Fafeng, Cheng, Tang, F., Wang, Y.-F., Liu, S., & Wang, X. (2021) · Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtcms.2021.06.001 · Cited by 4
Hicks, J. A., Yoo, D., & Liu, H. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12111299 · Cited by 5
“A siRNA screen found that NLRX1 was required for HIV infection of human macrophages and NLRX1 knock-out (KO) mice had reduced HSV-2 viral loads [33].”
BackgroundTriantafillidis, J. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14040911 · Cited by 2
“While inducing pyroptosis is a primary anti-neoplastic strategy, the selective inhibition of inflammasome signaling is equally vital in mitigating tumor-promoting chronic inflammation [20,41].”
Liu, Z., Zhang, H., Wan, B., Yin, S., & Yue, R. (2026) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s580330 · Cited by 2
Wang, S., Wu, M.-J., Zou, N., Chen, Y., Xue, Y., Zhou, Y., Ji, Y.-J., Liu, Y., Su, G.-X., & Sun, D. (2025) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05782 · Cited by 2
Harrison, D., Billinton, A., Bock, M. G., Clarke, N. P., Digby, Z., Gabel, C. A., Lindsay, N. A., Reader, V., Scanlon, J., Smolak, P. J., et al. (2025) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5md00639b · Cited by 5
Cilastatin Attenuates Acute Kidney Injury and Reduces Mortality in a Rat Model of Sepsis
González-Nicolás, M., Humanes, B., Herrero, R., Arenillas, M., López, B., Ferruelo, A., Lorente, J. A., & Lázaro, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167927 · Cited by 2
“Overactivation of and disproportionate responses to NLRP3 are involved in the development of numerous conditions, including kidney disease and sepsis-induced AKI [38–41].”
Elford, J., O’Reilly, R. J., Babey, A., Rafeek, R. A. M., & Ketheesan, N. (2025) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.70155 · Cited by 3
Chen, W., Qi, W., Jia, M., Yao, Q., Yang, Y., Su, Y., & Xiang, X. (2025) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465251356463 · Cited by 2
“33,57,58 However, there is currently no experimental evidence detailing the potential role or mechanism of glyburide in the treatment of CalTen.”
A Bibliometric Analysis of P2X7R in Cardiovascular Diseases from 2005 to 2024
Tan, J., Zhou, W., Guo, Z., Cheng, L., Kang, Y., Wang, Q., Dong, J., Wang, H., Zhang, Q., Shen, L., et al. (2025) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/011573403x376830250619055153 · Cited by 2
“Pharmacological inhibitors of NLRP3 or P2X7R have shown promise in preclinical studies by attenuating atherosclerotic thrombosis, heart failure, and recurrent pericarditis [59, 66].”
Liu, J., Chen, Y., Li, Z.-P., Li, Z., Lyu, F.-J., Wang, F., Wang, A., Liu, Z.-Q., Liao, X., & Wu, J. (2025) · Stem cell research & therapeutics · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04368-5 · Cited by 2
“To further validate the role of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles and pyroptosis in PM 2.5 -induced asthma-exac-erbated lung injury, we used the NLRP3 inflammatory inhibitor, MCC950 [53].”
InfluentialHushmandi, K., Reiter, R. J., Farahani, N., Cho, W. C. S., Alimohammadi, M., & Khoshnazar, S. M. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111325 · Cited by 2
Behrendt, I., Becker, K., Steingass, C. B., Schweiggert, R. M., Michel, G., Friedrich, E., Grote, D., Martin, Z., Dötzer, H. P., Faßhauer, M., et al. (2024) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202400356 · Cited by 2
Seo, K. J., Alam, M., Abdul-Ghafar, J., Kim, S. W., Kim, H.-K., Choi, H., Sin, S.-H., Lee, H. K., & Chae, H. (2024) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000541003 · Cited by 2
“Tranilast has been used since 1982 for its anti-allergic, anti-in fl ammatory, anti-fi brotic, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic, and antioxidant properties via suppression of tumor growth factor-beta and in fl ammasome pathways [9, 18].”
Orellano, L. A. A., Zeng, C., Zhu, J., Bogyo, M. S., Rock, K. L., & Lai, J. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01590-x · Cited by 2
“A number of these compounds have been found to decrease, albeit partially, MSU-stimulated in fl ammation in mice 47 or in one case, gout arthritis measures in patients 48 .”
Zheng, H., Triplett, K. D., Prossnitz, E. R., Hall, P. R., & Daly, S. M. (2024) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.1423 · Cited by 3
“Small molecules that inhibit the NLRP3 ‐ inflammasome represent an ongoing focus of research (Artlett, 2022; Zahid et al., 2019), as the NLRP3 ‐ inflammasome is linked to numerous diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and ischemia ‐ reperfusion injury (Wang et al., 2022;…”
BackgroundLi, M., Wang, C.-H., Ye, S., Li, W., Zhang, Y.-M., Yan, J., Wang, Y., Yang, H., Wu, Y.-L., Zhang, Y.-Q., et al. (2024) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129621 · Cited by 2
Larrea divaricataa native Argentine plant with potential activity against SARS-CoV-2?
Alonso, M. R., Marrassini, C., Martin, M. S., Cogoi, L., Peralta, I., & Anedini, C. (2023) · Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas · doi:10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.52 · Cited by 2
“Yet, these events lead to septic shock (Zahid et al., 2019; Zhao & Zhao, 2020).”
Mohammed, S. A., Elbaramawy, A., Abd-Allah, S. H., Elkholy, A., Elsayed, N. I., & Hussein, S. (2023) · Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.23532 · Cited by 2
Ferrara, E., Converti, I., Scarola, R., Tartaglia, F. C., Gnoni, A., Isola, G., & Rapone, B. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13148278 · Cited by 2
Guo, Z., Ye, G., Tang, C., & Xiong, H. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037089 · Cited by 3
“[102] Therefore, regulating the conduction of the NF-κ B signaling pathway is helpful for the treatment of GA.”
BackgroundХилажева, Е. Д., Belozor, О. S., Panina, Y. A., Gorina, Y. V., Mosiagina, A. I., Vasiliev, A. V., Malinovskaya, N. A., & Komleva, Y. K. (2022) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093022050222 · Cited by 4
“Multiprotein inflammasome assembly occurs not only in neurodegenerative diseases, but also in metabolic disorders [15, 16].”
BackgroundThe Role of Inflammasomes in Mediating Urological Disease: A Short Literature Review
Shidid, S., Bluth, M., & Smith-Norowitz, T. (2022) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s370451 · Cited by 2
“The NLRP7 inflammasome is upregulated by microbial acylated lipopeptides, which are often seen in bacteria, such as pseudomonas, which commonly cause urinary tract infections.(4) It also produces IL-1β as well as IL-18, which helps prevent bacteria replication in human macrophages and is believed to control bacterial…”
BackgroundXiao, K., Shang, J., Liu, Y., Chen, Z.-Y., Wang, L.-Q., & Long, Q. (2022) · Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15569527.2022.2050746 · Cited by 2
Tranilast treats cold-related hypertension by reducing the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome
Yu, H. M., Zhou, Y., Duan, Y., Gao, Y., Fang, N., Zhang, J., & Li, Y. (2021) · Frigid Zone Medicine · doi:10.2478/fzm-2021-0012 · Cited by 2
As, B. (2021) · Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology · doi:10.36233/0372-9311-119 · Cited by 2
“Отдельно стоит выделить инфламмасому NLRP3, которая считается достаточно универсальным патогенетическим биомаркёром для многих заболеваний (диабет, болезнь Альцгеймера, метаболический синдром и атеросклероз), где тканедеструктивное гипервоспаление играет не последнюю роль [56].”
Santana, H. M., Farias, B. J. C., Silva, M. D. S., da Silva, C. P., Eulálio, M. D. M. C., Ferreira e Ferreira, A. A., dos Reis, V. P., Ikenohuchi, Y. J., Paloschi, M. V., de Lima, A. M., et al. (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.116220 · Cited by 2
Raza, M. F., Kumar, A., Hibah, Rizvi, L., Aftab, F., Devi, M., Gupta, S., & Kosey, S. (2026) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-026-02408-x · Cited by 1
Sun, W., He, D., Wang, S., Zhang, H., Liu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12486-3
“However, because VX-765 exerts systemic effects on both the primary infarction site and peripheral immune responses, its use introduces uncertainty regarding the specific contribution of thalamic inflammasome signaling to secondary injury [ 30, 31].”
Shi, Y., Zhu, X., Sun, M., Yang, Y., Lin, S., Song, T., Xu, D., Gu, R., Yu, X., Ma, T., et al. (2026) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2026.118165 · Cited by 1
Liu, K., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Tsikari, T., Offermans, D. M., Li, X., Orlova, V. V., van der Laan, L. J. W., & Pan, Q. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2603870123 · Cited by 1
de Melo, V. C., Oliveira, K. I. D., Kipper, M., Bagatini, M. D., & da Silva, G. B. (2026) · Purinergic Signalling · doi:10.1007/s11302-026-10149-3 · Cited by 1
“…studies have demonstrated that patients with severe dengue present elevated extracellular ATP levels and exacerbated activation of the P2X7R/NLRP3 axis, indicating a central role for this pathway in amplifying the inflammatory response and driving disease progression toward severe forms [57, 110].”
Momen, Y. S. (2026) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.70283 · Cited by 2
Targeting pyroptosis in renal fibrosis: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic horizons (Review)
Tian, Y.-J., Mushuo, Q., Fan, H., Su, H.-W., Li, J., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2026.5804 · Cited by 1
“Small‑molecule inhibitors such as MCC950, a classic NLRP3 inhibitor, block NLRP3 ATPase activity, prevent inflammasome assembly (97,98), and reduce renal fibrosis (99,100).”
Xiao, S.-Y., Ji, Y.-M., Liu, Y., Lv, Y.-H., Dong, Y., Liu, M., Lu, Y.-H., Cui, P.-F., Li, T., Cui, X.-R., et al. (2026) · Translational Lung Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tlcr-2025-aw-1240 · Cited by 1
“MCC950 directly inhibits ASC oligomerization, while dapansutrile suppresses NLRP3 ATPase activity through distinct molecular mechanisms (37,38).”
Wang, Y., Cao, S.-Y., Ren, K.-R., Song, J., Sun, L., Zhang, D., Zhu, H., & Deng, Y. (2026) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04928-9 · Cited by 1
Tian, D., Liu, L. H., Zeng, G.-G., He, J., Liu, H., Ma, D., Yang, Z., Ma, X., Cao, Y., & Xu, C. (2026) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm44518 · Cited by 1
Ma, J.-X., Liu, X., Qin, Y., Qu, Y.-Y., Liu, Q., & Li, J.-M. (2025) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2025.110803 · Cited by 1
Drugging the Inflammasome Gasdermin Axis: Toward Precision Control of Pyroptosis
Fadipe, D. P., Sonoiki, O. H., Bankole, E. A., Iwuala, L. C., Adedeji, S. J., Ezeah, C. G., & Oyortey, R. (2025) · Journal of Medical Science Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.69739/jmsbc.v2i2.856 · Cited by 2
Effect of Oral Administration of Colchicine on Progression of Aortic Aneurysm in Mice
Okawa, H., Yamawaki-Ogata, A., Narita, Y., & Mutsuga, M. (2025) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-24-0854 · Cited by 4
Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome: Pharmacological mechanisms for the treatment of dry eye disease
Gong, J., Du, T., Ding, G., Gao, T., Hao, Z., Li, M., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Zhang, C. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.178104 · Cited by 1
Veselá, B., Dadáková, K., Holomkova, K., Blecha, C., Obratilova, N., Grässel, S., & Matalová, E. (2025) · Connective Tissue Research · doi:10.1080/03008207.2025.2539414 · Cited by 1
“An effective way to reduce inflammation and thus slowdown the course of the disease is an unsolved challenge, which includes the inhibition of individual components of inflammasomes 11 .”
Liang, J., Zhu, H., Yang, Q.-Y., Li, Z.-W., Meng, X., Fan, L.-L., & Li, L. (2025) · Biomedical chromotography · doi:10.1002/bmc.70066 · Cited by 1
abed, H. S., Oghenemaro, E. F., Kubaev, A., Jeddoa, Z. M. A., RenukaJyothi, S., Sharma, S., Vashishth, R., Jabir, M. S., Jawad, S. F., & Zwamel, A. H. (2024) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-024-01585-2 · Cited by 1
Glibenclamide Prevents Inflammation by Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in vitro
Хилажева, Е. Д., Panina, Y. A., Mosiagina, A. I., Belozor, О. S., & Komleva, Y. K. (2024) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s002209302403013x · Cited by 2
“…inflammasome assembly, inhibition of caspase-1 activation, cleav(cid:2) age blockade of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD), as well as neutralization of inflamma(cid:2) tory cytokines produced by the NLRP3 inflam(cid:2) masome, can be used for potential NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition [10].”
Upregulation of CD39 During Gout Attacks Promotes Spontaneous Remission of Acute Gouty Inflammation
Luo, C., Liu, X.-Y., Liu, Y., Shao, H., Gao, J., & Tao, J. (2023) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-023-01936-w · Cited by 1
“The NLRP3 inflammasome then undergoes cleavage to form active caspase-1 [4], resulting in the secretion of mature IL-1β and IL-18, triggering an inflammatory response [5].”
Self-citationAlcocer‐Gómez, E., Castejón‐Vega, B., Núñez‐Vasco, J., Lendines‐Cordero, D., Navarro-Pando, J. M., & Cordero, M. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.288290
Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in health and disease
Liao, D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814208-0.00008-7
Autoinflammatory Diseases: From Genes To Bedside
Soriano, A., & Hernández-Rodríguez, J. (2020) · Frontiers Research Topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88963-930-4 · Cited by 1
Han, L., Liu, B., Xu, Z., Yang, X., Ning, Q., Jia, Q., He, J., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102361
Dubey, N., Singh, S., Panchbhai, P., Chaturvedi, G., Parakh, N., Yadav, R. K., Kumar, S., & Yadav, H. N. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12895-4
Mansoor, F., Jabeen, A., Habib, A., Shams, S., Sımjee, S. U., Bano, S., Faizi, S., & Ul‐Haq, Z. (2026) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-026-09857-0
Allicin as a Modulator of Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy: Targeting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway
Anshul, & Singh, S. (2026) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893326700275
Suresh, A., Jayaprakasan, J., Venkatesan, R., Soujanya, C., & Selvaraj, D. (2026) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2026.107117
Parameswari, P., Ramya, R., Patil, K. R., Abedeen, M. Z., Thapliyal, S., Nirmala, S., Muztaba, M., & Vernekar, S. (2026) · Adolescencia e Saude · doi:10.67440/ahj.vi.2257
“He et al., 2016; Zahid et al., 2019).”
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Li, H., Lin, C., & Tao, H. (2026) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.70224
Therapeutic Potential of Allicin in Multi-System Inflammatory Diseases
Zhao, J., Zhao, J., Li, Z., Cheng, N., Feng, C., Song, Y., & Sun, X. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48090940
Razabdouski, T. N., Dalton, R., Calescibetta, A. R., Christiansen, S., Ward, G., Augello, A. C., Moon, J., Yun, S., Vincelette, N. D., Wright, G. M., et al. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15181674
“…in MDS including: targeting IL-1 β (NCT04810611, NCT04239157) [13], preventing pyroptosis signaling (formation of ASC specs, caspase-1 activation or Gasdermin D, NCT03359460, NCT02553941) [13,14] and targeting the S100A9/CD33 axis to restore hematopoiesis in primary MDS ex vivo specimens [15,16].”
Awane, T., Shibata, K., Saigusa, D., Hasumi, K., & Nobe, K. (2026) · Experimental and molecular pathology (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2026.105072
Sardinha, N., Ahrens, T. M., Alfieri, D., Lozovoy, M., Maes, M., & Reiche, E. M. V. (2026) · Brain Circulation · doi:10.4103/bc.bc_76_26
Bendrihem, K. A., Hachemi, M., Mihoubi, M. A., Amine, F. M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Houhou, D., Guemmaz, R., Kherraz, K., Zeraib, A., Abdelmalek, A., et al. (2026) · ChemistryOpen · doi:10.1002/open.70280
“The growing pharmacological interest in natural NLRP3 modulators [173] further contextualizes the relevance of the S. balansae flavonoid profile as a source of potential inflammasome-targeting candidates.”
Computational Study of Allosteric Switch of NLRP3: How ATP Binding Unlocks the NACHT Domain.
Cao, L., Zhou, X.-C., Zhou, X.-C., Liu, H.-C., Xu, L.-L., & Liu, J. (2026) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.6c01601
Xiao, J., Lan, Z., Zhang, R., Zhang, J., Hu, Z.-B., Jia, B., Tang, H.-P., Xu, T., Bao, X.-Y., Xu, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2026.122293
Molecular switches in cell death: the interplay of apoptosis and pyroptosis in cancer
Liu, Y., & Xie, Y. (2026) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-026-03059-9
“NLRP3 contains an N-terminal pyrin domain for ASC recruitment, a central NACHT domain that mediates ATP-dependent oligomerization, a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain involved in autoregulation and stimulus responsiveness [49–51].”
Pei, Y., Tan, Z., Cao, Y., Zhou, W., Geng, Y., Zhu, C., Cao, C., Xu, J., Nie, L., Yu, F., et al. (2026) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2026.115124
Early-life respiratory syncytial virus infection and asthma
Tolentino, J., Coward‐Smith, M., Oliver, B. G. G., Kim, R., & Donovan, C. (2026) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0284-2025
“The innate immune response is amplified by the expression of pro-IL-1 β /IL-1 β and inflammasome complexes [84, 86, 87].”
Cellular senescence in Crohn’s disease: a double-edged sword in intestinal fibrosis
Liu, J., & Yu, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1825690
“Similarly, the NLRP3 in fl ammasome is a key SASP regulator, making it an active drug development target (230).”
Targeting atherosclerotic inflammation: Advances in NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors beyond LDL-C
Bao, L., & Dai, X. (2026) · Acta Pharmaceutica · doi:10.2478/acph-2026-0019
“Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and lysosomal damage also promote NLRP3 activation (39).”
Maity, C., Mitra, S., Tripathi, A., Khobdagade, S., Balachandran, C., & Singh, P. (2026) · Virus Genes · doi:10.1007/s11262-026-02242-x
“Aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders, as evidenced by various studies [52–55].”
Effects of chronic jetlag on high-fat and high-fructose diet induced renal injury in mice
Xing, L., Xie, J., Shi, Y., Zheng, R., Zhang, T., Li, X., Zhou, Z.-J., & Zhang, D.-M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-54538-5
“A range of pharmacological inhibitors have been developed, among which the small-molecule compound MCC950 has shown particular promise in preclinical models 74–76 .”
Singh, S., Chandrashekhar, V., Rananaware, W., & Singh, P. K. (2026) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2026.100994
Niharika, D. G., Salaria, P., Anusha, A., Ganapati, P. L., & Reddy, M. V. V. B. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2026.109460
Kamau, V. N., Kim, J., & Lee, G. (2026) · DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40199-026-00604-2
“…inflammasome is a potential biomarker for OA and is a target for therapy as it is involved in the pathogenesis of OA and is a crucial innate immune complex [64, 65] composed of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and pro-caspase-1 [66 ].”
Dinotefuran induces BNIP3/NIX-mitophagy, necroptosis, and damage in the uterus of adolescent mice.
Lei, J.-W., Li, Y., Bai, M.-X., Du, H.-Y., Shen, X.-Q., Fu, H., Yan, Z.-L., & Zhu, Y.-F. (2026) · Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.107077
Bolunduț, D., Pârvu, A., Moldovan, C., Ranga, F., Pârvu, M., Dalai, C., Țicolea, M., Cecan, A., & Pop, R. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18030538
“This finding is biologically plausible given the extract’s phytochemical profile: flavonoids such as taxifolin can inhibit NF κ B-p65 signaling and downstream cytokine production [47,48].”
Wu, Z., Chen, Y., Fu, X., Li, Y., Lu, Y., & Sun, W. (2026) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x261425493
Rational design of an NLRP3 inhibitor with superior efficacy and safety for gout therapy
Kong, Y., Su, M., Jiang, C., Feng, H., Hu, Y., Li, D., Mao, Z., Liu, F., Zhu, F., Guo, Y., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118578 · Cited by 2
Inhibition of the NLRP3 pathway as a strategy for SLE therapy
Duan, J., Yan, S., Pan, P., Qi, J., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.109537 · Cited by 1
Neuroimmune Regulation of NLRP3 Signalling in Parkinson’s Disease
Rymbai, E., & Roy, D. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-06040-2
Sharma, S., Tanwar, S. S., Kaur, I., Chavhan, M., & Tiwari, N. (2025) · Premier journal of science. · doi:10.70389/pjs.100182
Tomar, M., Dwivedi, S., & Darwhekar, G. (2025) · Premier Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.70389/pjs.100185
Pharmacological Modulation of NLRP3: From Therapy Personalization to Innovative Drugs
Zudeh, G., Sossai, S., Angelini, J., Stocco, G., & Lucafò, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl39537 · Cited by 1
Role of Inflammasome in IgE ‐Mediated Anaphylaxis
Fernández‐Bravo, S., & Fernández‐Santamaría, R. (2025) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70123
“In this regard, different inhibitors that act on the different components of the inflammasome, mainly NPLP3, are currently being investigated in different in vitro experiments and animal models, using both direct and indirect mechanisms [5, 6].”
Role of NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Disorders of Children’s Digestive Systems: A Narrative Review
ELMeneza, S. (2025) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric17050103
Schnitzler syndrome - a rare cause of chronic urticaria. Case report
Moos, Ł., Kułakowska, A., Szydłowska, D., Chodak, W., & Brzoza, Z. (2025) · Oxford Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1093/omcr/omaf118
“This mutation results in the self-polymerization and over-production of IL-1b by the NLRP3 inflammasome [5, 6].”
Maeh, R. K., & Fadhil, H. (2025) · Iraqi Journal of Science · doi:10.24996/ijs.2025.66.5.9
“In this case, different gene polymorphisms were related to varying degrees of CCL20 gene expression [38,39].”
Al-Jawadri, A. M. H., Karami, Z., Haririan, I., Akrami, M., & Gholami, M. (2025) · Journal of drug targeting (Print) · doi:10.1080/1061186x.2025.2474644
Acute kidney injury during transplantation and the role of inflammasomes: A brief review.
Szymanek, K., Tądel, K., & Bil-Lula, I. (2024) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.17219/acem/190676
“84,86,87 NEK7, a serine/threonine kinase, is often cited as a key NLRP3-specific component required for activation.”
Sharma, S., Gilberto, V. S., Rask, J. C., Chatterjee, A., & Nagpal, P. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585802 · Cited by 1
Tan, B. Y., Zheng, Y., Lim, M. J. R., Koh, Y. Y., Tan, Y. K., Goh, C. X. Y., Myint, M. Z., Sia, C., Tan, J., Nor, F. E. M., et al. (2023) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.108024
Metadata
- Authors
- Zahid, A., Li, B., Kombe, A. J. K., Jin, T., & Tao, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jin, Tengchuan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-10-25
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2538-2538
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6842943
- OpenAlex
- W2982061867
- Cited by
- 671
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 69
- FWCI
- 7.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (201904a07020103, 81771774)
- Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (1708085MH191)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Research
- Keywords
- NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammasome inhibitors, NLRP3, ASC, pyroptosis, inflammatory cytokines, innate immunity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, Animals, Dipeptides, Glyburide, Humans, Nitriles, Sulfones, Inflammasomes, para-Aminobenzoates, ortho-Aminobenzoates
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