The DOI matches its Crossref record; 162 of the 163 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen
Open accessAbstract
First described in 1843, Rumen protozoa with their striking appearance were assumed to be important for the welfare of their host. However, despite contributing up to 50% of the bio-mass in the rumen, the role of protozoa in rumen microbial ecosystem remains unclear. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA libraries generated from the rumen of cattle, sheep, and goats has revealed an unexpected diversity of ciliated protozoa although variation in gene copy number between species makes it difficult to obtain absolute quantification. Despite repeated attempts it has proven impossible to maintain rumen protozoa in axenic culture. Thus it has been difficult to establish conclusively a role of ciliate protozoa in rumen fiber degradation. The development of techniques to clone and express ciliate genes in λ phage, together with bioinformatic indices to confirm the ciliate origin of the genes has allowed the isolation and characterization of fibrolytic genes from rumen protozoa. Elimination of the ciliate protozoa increases microbial protein supply by up to 30% and reduces methane production by up to 11%. Our recent findings suggest that holotrich protozoa play a disproportionate role in supporting methanogenesis whilst the small Entodinium are responsible for much of the bacterial protein turnover. As yet no method to control protozoa in the rumen that is safe and practically applicable has been developed, however a range of plant extract capable of controlling if not completely eliminating rumen protozoa have been described.
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In the citing paper
“Rumen bacteria play a dominant role in fiber digestion, although anaerobic fungi and protozoa have been reported to contribute to lignocellulose breakdown by attacking lignocellulosic material differently (60, 64) and discharging different enzyme complexes (101).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“protozoa have been linked to methanogenesis as defaunation reduces methane output by approximately 11% (Hegarty, 1999; Morgavi et al., 2010; Newbold et al., 2015).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Newbold et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Based on their analysis, Newbold and colleagues found evidence that the removal of protozoa from the rumen caused a decrease in organic matter degradation, especially of neutral and acid detergent fiber.”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Newbold et al., 2015
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The rumen microbiome: balancing food security and environmental impacts
Mizrahi, I., Wallace, R. J., & Moraïs, S. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00543-6 · Cited by 490
Huws, S. A., Creevey, C. J., Oyama, L. B., Mizrahi, I., Denman, S. E., Popova, M., Muñoz-Tamayo, R., Forano, E., Waters, S. M., Hess, M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02161 · Cited by 487
“In addition to their capacity to degrade fiber, protozoa have been linked to methanogenesis as defaunation reduces methane output by approximately 11% (Hegarty, 1999; Morgavi et al., 2010; Newbold et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMatthews, C., Crispie, F., Lewis, E., Reid, M., O’Toole, P. W., & Cotter, P. D. (2018) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1505176 · Cited by 511
“This method has been used to remove protozoa from the rumen to investigate the role they play in rumen function.(32,47) suggested that protozoa-associated methanogens (methanogens sequestered within rumen protozoa) which account for approximately 37% of methanogenesis in ruminants,(48) may be the most active methanoge…”
MethodVasta, V., Daghio, M., Cappucci, A., Buccioni, A., Serra, A., Viti, C., & Mele, M. L. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-14985 · Cited by 455
A heritable subset of the core rumen microbiome dictates dairy cow productivity and emissions
Wallace, R. J., Sasson, G., Garnsworthy, P. C., Tapio, I., Gregson, E., Bani, P., Huhtanen, P., Bayat, A. R., Strozzi, F., Biscarini, F., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav8391 · Cited by 410
“Their community abundance and composition across ruminants are much more variable than bacteria, indeed, protozoa may be absent in some animals without detrimental effect to the host (4, 7).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Newbold, C. J., de la Fuente, G., Belanche, A., Ramos-Morales, E., & McEwan, N. R.
- Affiliations
- Aberystwyth University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Newbold, Charles J.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-11-26
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 1313-1313
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4659874
- OpenAlex
- W2177858583
- Cited by
- 637
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UdL Open Repository (University of Lleida) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J0013/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- rumen ciliate protozoa, rumen microbiota, 18S rDNA phylogeny, Entodinium, methanogenesis, methane mitigation, microbial protein supply, plant extracts, cattle, sheep, goats
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