Cited by 641Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnaerobic Digestion and Biogas ProductionAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

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The Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen

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Newbold, Charles J., de la Fuente, Gabriel, Belanche, Alejandro, Ramos-Morales, Eva, McEwan, Neil R.·2015·Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01313PMC PMC4659874

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Abstract

First described in 1843, Rumen protozoa with their striking appearance were assumed to be important for the welfare of their host. However, despite contributing up to 50% of the bio-mass in the rumen, the role of protozoa in rumen microbial ecosystem remains unclear. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA libraries generated from the rumen of cattle, sheep, and goats has revealed an unexpected diversity of ciliated protozoa although variation in gene copy number between species makes it difficult to obtain absolute quantification. Despite repeated attempts it has proven impossible to maintain rumen protozoa in axenic culture. Thus it has been difficult to establish conclusively a role of ciliate protozoa in rumen fiber degradation. The development of techniques to clone and express ciliate genes in λ phage, together with bioinformatic indices to confirm the ciliate origin of the genes has allowed the isolation and characterization of fibrolytic genes from rumen protozoa. Elimination of the ciliate protozoa increases microbial protein supply by up to 30% and reduces methane production by up to 11%. Our recent findings suggest that holotrich protozoa play a disproportionate role in supporting methanogenesis whilst the small Entodinium are responsible for much of the bacterial protein turnover. As yet no method to control protozoa in the rumen that is safe and practically applicable has been developed, however a range of plant extract capable of controlling if not completely eliminating rumen protozoa have been described.

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FIGURE 1 Meta-analysis describing the effects of defaunation on rumen function. For each parameter information is provided about the number of studies, observations (n), and range of values. Graph shows the mean effects and 95% confidential intervals. Values below one indicate a negative effect, while those above one indicate a positive effect of defaunation on that particular parameter.CC BY · PubMed Central

FIGURE 2 Meta-analysis describing the effects of defaunation animal performance. For each parameter information is provided about the number of studies, observations (n), and range of values. Graph shows the mean effects and 95% confidential intervals. Values below one indicate a negative effect, while those above one indicate a positive effect of defaunation on that particular parameter.CC BY · PubMed Central

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“This method has been used to remove protozoa from the rumen to investigate the role they play in rumen function.(32,47) suggested that protozoa-associated methanogens (methanogens sequestered within rumen protozoa) which account for approximately 37% of methanogenesis in ruminants,(48) may be the most active methanoge…”
Method
Invited review: Plant polyphenols and rumen microbiota responsible for fatty acid biohydrogenation, fiber digestion, and methane emission: Experimental evidence and methodological approaches
Vasta, V., Daghio, M., Cappucci, A., Buccioni, A., Serra, A., Viti, C., & Mele, M. L. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-14985 · Cited by 455
A heritable subset of the core rumen microbiome dictates dairy cow productivity and emissions
Wallace, R. J., Sasson, G., Garnsworthy, P. C., Tapio, I., Gregson, E., Bani, P., Huhtanen, P., Bayat, A. R., Strozzi, F., Biscarini, F., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav8391 · Cited by 410
“Their community abundance and composition across ruminants are much more variable than bacteria, indeed, protozoa may be absent in some animals without detrimental effect to the host (4, 7).”

See all 641

Authors: Newbold, C. J., de la Fuente, G., Belanche, A., Ramos-Morales, E., & McEwan, N. R.
Affiliations: Aberystwyth University (GB)
Corresponding author: Newbold, Charles J.
ORCID: Newbold, Charles J.
Belanche, Alejandro
McEwan, Neil R.
Venue: Frontiers in Microbiology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2015-11-26
Volume: 6
Pages: 1313-1313
ISSN: 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01313
PMC: PMC4659874
OpenAlex: W2177858583
Cited by: 637
References: 163
Citations by year: 2026: 70 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 5.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
UdL Open Repository (University of Lleida) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J0013/1)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords: rumen ciliate protozoa, rumen microbiota, 18S rDNA phylogeny, Entodinium, methanogenesis, methane mitigation, microbial protein supply, plant extracts, cattle, sheep, goats

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The Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen

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