Effects of Sub-Chronic MPTP Exposure on Behavioral and Cognitive Performance and the Microbiome of Wild-Type and mGlu8 Knockout Female and Male Mice
Open accessAbstract
Motor dysfunction is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, non-motor symptoms such as gastrointestinal dysfunction often arise prior to motor symptoms. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been proposed as the earliest event in PD pathogenesis. PD symptoms often demonstrate sex differences. Glutamatergic neurotransmission has long been linked to PD pathology. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu), a family of G protein-coupled receptors, are divided into three groups, with group III mGlu receptors mainly localized presynaptically where they can inhibit glutamate release in the CNS as well as in the gut. Additionally, the gut microbiome can communicate with the CNS via the gut-brain axis. Here, we assessed whether deficiency of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGlu8), group III mGlu, modulates the effects of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), on behavioral and cognitive performance in female and male mice. We studied whether these effects are associated with changes in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and the gut microbiome. Two-week sub-chronic MPTP increased activity of female and male wild-type (WT) and mGlu8 knockout (KO) mice in the open field. MPTP also showed genotype- and sex-dependent effects. MPTP increased the time WT, but not KO, females and males spent exploring objects. In WT mice, MPTP improved sensorimotor function in males but impaired it in females. Further, MPTP impaired cued fear memory in WT, but not KO, male mice. MPTP reduced striatal TH levels in WT and KO mice but these effects were only pronounced in males. MPTP treatment and genotype affected the diversity of the gut microbiome. In addition, there were significant associations between microbiome α-diversity and sensorimotor performance, as well as microbiome composition and fear learning. These results indicate that specific taxa may directly affect motor and fear learning or that the same physiological effects that enhance both forms of learning also alter diversity of the gut microbiome. MPTP's effect on motor and cognitive performance may then be, at least in part, be mediated by the gut microbiome. These data also support mGlu8 as a novel therapeutic target for PD and highlight the importance of including both sexes in preclinical studies.
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These genotype-dependent associations include members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families.
“These genotype-dependent associations include members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families.”
From Integrated analysis of behavioral, epigenetic, and gut microbiome analyses in AppNL-G-F, AppNL-F, and wild type mice (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results > Microbiome section (page unavailable) reports genotype-related differences in overall microbial diversity and an association between Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 and fear-learning performance. It does not link that taxon’s association to genotype, and a search for Ruminococcaceae found no passage naming it. Thus the paper supports related microbiome findings, but not the claimed genotype-dependent associations for both families. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMPTP treatment affected the diversity of the gut microbiome.
“MPTP treatment affected the diversity of the gut microbiome.”
From Integrated analysis of behavioral, epigenetic, and gut microbiome analyses in AppNL-G-F, AppNL-F, and wild type mice (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
The effects of the neurotoxin MPTP on cognitive performance may be, at least in part, mediated by the gut microbiome.
“We have shown that the effects of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on cognitive performance may be, at least in part, mediated by the gut microbiome8.”
From Integrated analysis of behavioral, epigenetic, and gut microbiome analyses in AppNL-G-F, AppNL-F, and wild type mice (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
There were significant associations between microbiome α-diversity and sensorimotor performance, as well as microbiome composition and fear learning.
“In addition, there were significant associations between microbiome α-diversity and sensorimotor performance, as well as microbiome composition and fear learning.”
From Integrated analysis of behavioral, epigenetic, and gut microbiome analyses in AppNL-G-F, AppNL-F, and wild type mice (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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Mendez, R. L., Miranda, C. L., Armour, C. R., Sharpton, T. J., Stevens, J. F., & Kwon, J. Y. (2020) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa072 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Self-citationRaber, J., Stagaman, K., Kasschau, K. D., Davenport, C., Lopes, L. A., Nguyen, D., Torres, E. R. S., Sharpton, T. J., & Kisby, G. E. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14091702 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Madison, C. A., Debler, R. A., Gallegos, P. L., Hillbrick, L., Chapkin, R. S., Safe, S. H., & Eitan, S. (2024) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000806 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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MPTP: Advances from an Evergreen Neurotoxin
Carta, A. R., Pisanu, A., Palmas, M. F., Barcia, C., Cuenca‐Bermejo, L., & Herrero, M. T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71519-9_104-1
Enteric Neurotoxicity and Salsolinol
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Labunets, І. F. (2023) · Izdevniecība “Baltija Publishing” eBooks · doi:10.30525/978-9934-26-330-9-19
Mouse models elucidating the role of apolipoprotein E in neurological conditions
Torres, E. R. S., & Raber, J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29090-9.00001-5
Self-citationNon-motor Symptom Replication in Neurotoxic Mouse Models of Parkinson’s Disease: A Review and Guide
Braun, A., & Bobrovskaya, L. (2026) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-026-00321-9
- Authors
- Torres, E. R. S., Akinyeke, T., Stagaman, K., Duvoisin, R. M., Meshul, C. K., Sharpton, T. J., & Raber, J.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raber, Jacob
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-07-18
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 140-140
- ISSN
- 1662-5153 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6058038
- OpenAlex
- W2884396976
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (T32-ES007060-38)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- MPTP, Parkinson's disease, gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, sex differences, sensorimotor performance, fear memory, tyrosine hydroxylase, striatum, gastrointestinal dysfunction, non-motor symptoms, group III metabotropic glutamate receptors, alpha diversity, preclinical research
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