The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Tinnitus Distress. A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Tinnitus can be a disabling condition. Limited treatment options exist. Little is known about the effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBI) on tinnitus. Our objectives were to assess the effect of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on 1) tinnitus burden and 2) depression and/or anxiety. Methods: a systematic search was conducted in PubMed Medline, EMBASE and PsycInfo combining the terms and synonyms of ‘’Tinnitus’’ and ‘’Mindfulness’’. The most recent search was performed on December 4th 2018. This systematic review was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two independent authors identified studies, assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. Studies were considered eligible if they included adults with tinnitus, performed a protocolled Mindfulness Based Intervention and measured tinnitus burden with a validated questionnaires. Studies were appraised with either the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool or the MINORS criteria, depending on their design. Results: The systematic search yielded seven articles. Three randomised controlled trials, three cohort studies and one comparative controlled trial. Two of three RCT’s showed a statistically significant decrease in tinnitus burden scores directly after treatment in the mindfulness group compared to the control group. One of three RCT’s showed a statistically significant effect of mindfulness therapy compared to the control group on a depression questionnaire directly post treatment. Conclusions: A decrease of tinnitus burden in Mindfulness Based Interventions can be observed directly post-therapy. No effect was observed for depression and anxiety in tinnitus patients. Long term effects remain uncertain. Mindfulness may have a place in tinnitus therapy, however the long term effects need to be researched.
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The quality of studies in the current review was mostly consistent with other reviews, except Rademaker et al. (2019) reported moderate to high quality while the current review reported poor-to-moderate quality.
“The quality of studies of the current review was mostly consistent with other reviews, with the exception of Rademaker et al. (2019) which reported moderate to high quality, while an overall poor-tomoderate quality was reported here.”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Exploring Effects of Third-Wave Psychological Therapies on Hearing-Related Distress, Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in People With Audiological Problems. (2022) · cites this paper as Rademaker et al., 2019
The findings of the current review are consistent with previous meta-analysis and systematic reviews of third-wave therapies for tinnitus, chronic pain, and neurological conditions.
“Overall, the findings of the current review are consistent with previous meta-analysis and systematic reviews of third-wave therapies for tinnitus (Rademaker et al., 2019), chronic pain (Hughes et al., 2017) and neurological conditions (Robinson et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Exploring Effects of Third-Wave Psychological Therapies on Hearing-Related Distress, Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in People With Audiological Problems. (2022) · cites this paper as Rademaker et al., 2019
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“Other studies show the therapeutic effect of MindfulnessBased Interventions (MBI) in reducing distress associated with tinnitus [37].”
BackgroundUse of mindfulness in the treatment of tinnitus: consensus based on the opinion of Brazilian experts
Honorato, M. C. M., Martins, M. L., Ferreira, L. M. D. B. M., Mantello, E. B., & da Rosa, M. R. D. (2026) · International Symposium on Cooperative Database Systems for Advanced Applications · doi:10.1590/2317-1782/e20250182en
The Role of Mindfulness, Yoga, and Hypnosis in Tinnitus Management: A Comprehensive Narrative Review
Heidari, P., Tavanai, E., Rasouli, A., Khalili, M. E., & Fatahi, F. (2026) · Journal of Modern Rehabilitation · doi:10.18502/jmr.v20i2.21708
“Studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), have demonstrated MBCT’s efficacy in reducing tinnitus-related distress, with applications in tele-rehabilitation showing potential [20, 24].”
Mindfulness-based therapy for chronic tinnitus: a narrative review
Zhang, Z.-C., Xu, Q., Wang, J., Luo, Y., Shao, Q., Li, Y., Lu, H., & Lu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1738053
“Additionally, a meta-analysis by Rademaker et al. (2019) further suggested that mindfulness-based interventions may reduce tinnitus-related distress.”
Does Misophonia Affect Spatial Hearing? A Study Using Closed-Field Assessment Tools
Roy, U., Prabhu, P., & Nisha, K. V. (2026) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2025_aja-25-00058
Efficacy of Single-Session Intervention of Tinnitus Educational Counseling: A Systematic Review
Pandey, P., Knoetze, M., Sharma, A., Swanepoel, D. W., & Manchaiah, V. K. C. (2026) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2025_aja-25-00120
Sullins, V. F., Gonzales, P. A., Malotte, M., & Lebares, C. C. (2025) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2025.08.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Tinnitus Management Clinic: The Cleveland Clinic Model
Sandridge, S. A., & Newman, C. W. (2024) · Seminars in Hearing · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1804507
“21 Audiology It is the audiologist’s role to provide auditory management of tinnitus—regardless of the origin or etiology.”
Mindfulness-Based Therapy in the Management of Tinnitus
Prabhu, P. (2022) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8682-2.ch011
Research Status of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Therapy for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus
郭, 岚. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.125192 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rademaker, M. M., Stegeman, I., Ho-Kang-You, K. E., Stokroos, R. J., & Smit, A. L.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Rademaker, Maaike M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neurology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-11-01
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 1135-1135
- ISSN
- 1664-2295 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6838968
- OpenAlex
- W2983223814
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Noise Effects and Management
- Keywords
- tinnitus, mindfulness-based interventions, tinnitus distress, tinnitus burden, depression, anxiety
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