Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness meditation has a longstanding history in eastern practices that has received considerable public interest in recent decades. Indeed, the science, practice, and implementation of Mindfulness Based Interventions (MBIs) have dramatically increased in recent years. At its base, mindfulness is a natural human state in which an individual experiences and attends to the present moment. Interventions have been developed to train individuals how to incorporate this practice into daily life. The current article will discuss the concept of mindfulness and describe its implementation in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We further identify for whom MBIs have been shown to be efficacious and provide an up-to-date summary of how these interventions work. This includes research support for the cognitive, psychological, and neural mechanisms that lead to psychiatric improvements. This review provides a basis for incorporating these interventions into treatment.
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- Premisecitation
Segal and colleagues extended mindfulness meditation into psychiatry by creating MBCT, which combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness for preventing depression relapse.
“Subsequently, Zindel Segal and colleagues (2) extended the use of mindfulness meditation into psychiatry by developing a treatment program for the prevention of depression relapse that combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness techniques and was named Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Segal ZV, 2002
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- Interpretationnone given
MBCT is the most widely studied MBI for treating psychiatric disorders.
“The most widely examined MBI to treat psychiatric disorders is MBCT.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A meta-analysis found that the number of previous depressive episodes significantly predicts outcome.
“A meta-analysis found the number of previous depressive episodes to be a significant predictor of outcome (23).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] source
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- Interpretationcitation
Group-based weekly programs such as MBSR and MBCT have the strongest evidence of clinical efficacy.
“Group-based weekly mindfulness intervention programs such as MBSR and MBCT have the highest level of evidence of clinical efficacy”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] source
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- Interpretationcitation
There is substantial evidence that MBCT lowers the risk of depressive relapse.
“There is considerable evidence supporting the use of MBCT to decrease the risk of depressive relapse.”
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- Premisecitation
Several studies provide preliminary evidence of MBI effects in patients with bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.
“Additionally, several studies have shown preliminary evidence of the effect of MBIs with patients with Bipolar Disorder (32), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (33), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (34).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In a trial of 424 patients with MDD at high risk for relapse, maintenance antidepressant medication and MBCT with support to taper or discontinue medication did not differ in relapse rate over 24 months.
“In a trial comparing maintenance antidepressant medication and MBCT with support to taper or discontinue antidepressant medication among 424 patients with MDD and at high risk for relapse (more than two MDD episodes) there was no difference between the two conditions in relapse rate over 24 months (28).”
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- Premisecitation
Individuals with recurrent depression are particularly vulnerable to depressogenic cognitions.
“Individuals with recurrent depression are particularly vulnerable to depressogenic cognitions (42).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] source
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- Interpretationreasoning
It is not yet known whether improvements are due to time or are specific to the skills taught in MBIs.
“we do not yet know whether improvements are due to time or are specific to the skills taught in MBIs.”
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Preliminary evidence suggests MBIs may be efficacious for obesity-related eating behaviors such as binge eating, emotional eating, and external eating.
“Similarly, preliminary support evidence suggests that MBIs may be efficacious in treating obesity-related eating behaviors, such as binge eating, emotional eating and external eating (36).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Dunne J, J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc
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Two recent meta-analyses found that MBIs reduce current mood and anxiety symptoms in patients with anxiety and mood disorders.
“Two recent meta-analyses found that MBIs are helpful in reducing current mood and anxiety symptoms in patients with anxiety and mood disorders (30; 31).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Studies using active-control groups structurally equivalent to MBCT have produced mixed findings about whether MBCT is superior for preventing relapse.
“However, studies that have used active-control groups structurally equivalent to MBCT have provided mixed findings regarding its superiority in preventing relapse (24–26)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
The theoretical model underlying MBCT emphasizes identifying thinking patterns as they arise and viewing them as temporary mental phenomena rather than facts.
“The theoretical model on which MBCT is based (2) emphasizes identifying these thinking patterns as they arise and viewing them as temporary mental phenomena rather than as facts or realities to be identified with or reacted to”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Segal ZV, 2002
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- Premisecitation
Empirical evidence shows initial efficacy of MBCT for current MDD.
“empirical evidence has shown initial efficacy of MBCT for current MDD as well (30).”
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- Premisecitation
MBCT was the first mindfulness intervention designed to treat mental health problems.
“Although this review focuses on MBCT, as this program was the first mindfulness intervention designed to treat mental health problems (2)”
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Preliminary support exists for MBIs in eating disorders.
“Preliminary support also exists for MBIs for eating disorders.”
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Evidence is accumulating that MBCT is more effective than TAU and active control for patients who experienced childhood trauma.
“Evidence is accumulating to suggest that MBCT is more effective than TAU and active control for those who had experienced childhood trauma (25).”
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- Interpretationcitation
Other delivery formats, including retreats, brief interventions, web-based programs, and smartphone apps, may also produce benefits.
“however other formats such as retreats, mindfulness-based brief interventions, web-based, and smartphone app interventions may also have beneficial effects (11).”
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- Interpretationcitation
Research largely supports that meta-awareness or decentering and an accepting attitude are central active ingredients of MBCT.
“Research has largely supported this notion, and shown that these processes are central components and active ingredients of MBCT.”
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- Premisecitation
A meta-analysis found no statistically significant differences between Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention and comparators on relapse, frequency of use, or treatment dropout.
“however a meta-analysis did not detect statistically significant differences between Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention and comparators on relapse, frequency of use, treatment dropout (41).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] source
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- Premisecitation
Studies have shown symptom improvement in patients with current depression.
“These studies have shown improvement in symptoms in patients with current depression (29, 30).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Emerging evidence suggests MBIs may be useful for treating many active psychiatric disorders.
“emerging evidence suggests that they may be useful in treating many active psychiatric disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Research to date indicates MBIs may be effective for a wide range of psychiatric disorders.
“Research to-date indicates that MBIs may be effective at treating a wide range of psychiatric disorders”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A meta-analysis of four randomized trials in patients with at least three depressive episodes found that MBCT reduced relapse and recurrence of MDD compared with treatment as usual or placebo.
“a recent meta-analysis that included four randomized controlled trials of patients with at least three depressive episodes found that MBCT reduced the risk for relapse and recurrence of MDD compared to treatment as usual (TAU) or placebo controls.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
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- Premisecitation
MBCT has been found to be as effective as maintenance antidepressant medication for preventing MDD relapse.
“Moreover, MBCT has been found as effective as maintenance antidepressant medication in preventing MDD relapse (22,23).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
MBCT may be a particularly viable option for patients who want to stop antidepressant medication.
“Further, MBCT may be a particularly viable option for patients who would like to discontinue antidepressant medications (28).”
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- Interpretationcitation
Another transdiagnostic mechanism through which MBIs may work is enhancing emotion regulation strategies.
“Another transdiagnostic mechanism through which MBIs may work is through enhancing emotion regulation strategies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [98]
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- Interpretationcitation
MBIs reduce symptoms through mechanisms including meta-awareness, altering one's perspective of the self, and self-awareness.
“the mechanism through which MBIs reduce symptoms are through meta-awareness, altering one’s perspective of the self, and self-awareness as some examples (81–86).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Cross-sectional comparisons cannot prove that meditation training caused the observed brain changes.
“While the above cross-sectional comparisons were intriguing, they could not prove that meditation training caused the observed changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Hölzel and colleagues reported pre-post increases in gray matter concentration in the hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, temporo-parietal junction, and cerebellum after an 8-week MBSR course in healthy stressed participants.
“Hölzel and colleagues (88) reported a pre-post increase in gray matter concentration within the hippocampus, the posterior cingulate cortex, the temporo-parietal junction, and the cerebellum after a standard 8-week MBSR course in healthy stressed participants (88).”
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- Interpretationcitation
MBCT may attenuate these cognitive symptoms.
“Research indicates that MBCT may attenuate these symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Numerous other transdiagnostic mechanism models include self-transcendence, exposure, relaxation, non-attachment, ethical practice, and clarification of values.
“Finally, numerous other transdiagnostic mechanisms models include self-transcendence, exposure, relaxation, non-attachment, ethical practice, and clarification of values (81–86).”
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Perseverative cognitions such as worry and rumination occur in many forms of psychopathology, including mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and OCD.
“perseverative cognitions such as worry and rumination occur in many forms of psychopathology including mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and OCD (97).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [97]
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Emotion regulation deficits occur across psychiatric disorders.
“Emotion regulation deficits, or emotion dysregulation, occurs across psychiatric disorders (98).”
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- Interpretationreasoning
Many potential psychological mechanisms of MBIs cut across disorders.
“However, many of the potential psychological mechanisms cut across disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Mindfulness training in MBIs is not necessarily aimed at one psychiatric condition but at modifying processes that potentially underlie many psychiatric disorders.
“the mindfulness training and skills taught in MBIs are not necessarily aimed at one psychiatric phenomena or condition, but rather focused on modifying processes which potentially underlie many psychiatric disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The picture of functional changes is more complex than that of structural changes.
“However, the picture to date is more complex in the evidence of functional changes compared to those of structural changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
MBIs reduce negative thinking patterns and reactions associated with psychopathology, such as rumination, worry, and emotional reactivity.
“In addition, MBIs have been shown to reduce negative thinking patterns and reactions associated with psychopathology such as rumination, worry, and emotional reactivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Mindfulness interventions may reduce cognitive deficits associated with psychiatric disorders, such as overgeneral autobiographical memory, poor attention regulation, and cognitive rigidity.
“Further, mindfulness interventions may reduce cognitive deficits that are associated or a result of psychiatric disorders such as overgeneral autobiographical memory, poor attention regulation, and cognitive rigidity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The effects of mindfulness meditation on brain function have been more broadly studied than their effects on brain structure.
“The effects of mindfulness meditation practices on brain function have been more broadly studied than their effects on brain structure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Some research shows that individuals with a chronic history of depressive episodes may benefit most from MBCT.
“For example, some research has shown that those with a chronic history of depressive episodes may benefit the most from MBCT”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The meta-analysis found several brain areas recruited consistently across multiple meditation types: insula, pre/supplementary motor cortices, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and frontopolar cortex.
“The authors found several brain areas to be recruited consistently across multiple types of meditation practice: insula, pre/supplementary motor cortices, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and frontopolar cortex.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90] source
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- Interpretationnone given
The structural changes observed longitudinally after MBSR did not involve the same brain regions as those observed cross-sectionally between long-term meditators and matched controls.
“The structural changes observed longitudinally after MBSR did not involve the same brain regions as those observed cross-sectionally between long-term meditators and matched control subjects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Research has provided evidence for mechanisms by which MBIs improve psychological health.
“Research has also provided evidence for the mechanisms on how mindfulness based interventions improve psychological health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There is growing evidence of efficacy for meditation-based interventions, especially for anxiety, depression, and pain.
“with growing evidence of efficacy – especially for anxiety, depression, and pain (reviewed in 91).”
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- Interpretationnone given
Some research supports structural and functional differences between meditators and non-meditators.
“Some research supports the association of structural and functional differences between those who meditate and those who do not.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
It is too early to draw firm conclusions about the effects of meditation on brain structure.
“Therefore, it is too early to draw firm conclusions regarding the effects of meditation on brain structure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
MBIs increase positive psychological attributes such as mindfulness, meta-awareness, and self-compassion.
“MBIs have been shown to increase positive psychological attributes like mindfulness, meta-awareness, and self-compassion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Mindfulness meditation may be associated with neural changes.
“Mindfulness meditation may also be associated with neural changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
MBIs have garnered considerable support for their efficacy in treating psychiatric disorders.
“MBIs have garnered considerable support for their efficacy to treat psychiatric disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
- May combine two claims. 28
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Interpretationnone givenThe efficacy of MBCT for reducing MDD relapse is well-established.
“while the efficacy of MBCT to reduce MDD relapse is well-established”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe inclusion criteria of these studies focus on a specific disorder and exclude co-occurring disorders, which limits generalizability to clinical settings.
“the inclusion criteria of these studies focus on the specific disorder of interest and exclude co-occurring disorders that may influence findings, which are less generalizable to the clinic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMBCT may be effective but may not be superior to other active psychosocial interventions.
“suggesting that while MBCT may be effective, it may not be superior to other active psychosocial interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningTaken together, MBIs are promising and appear beneficial across psychiatric disorders.
“Taken together, MBIs are promising interventions as they appear to be beneficial across psychiatric disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenStressful life events or triggers may give rise to negative thinking patterns such as depressive rumination, worry, and self-criticism, which if persistent may escalate to depressive relapse.
“Stressful life events or other triggers in everyday life may give rise to well-rehearsed negative thinking patterns such as depressive rumination, worry, and self-criticism which, if persistent, may escalate to depressive relapse.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn that meta-analysis, the relapse rate was 32% for MBCT plus TAU and 60% for TAU alone.
“The relapse rate among MBCT+TAU patients was 32% relative to 60% for the TAU control group (22).”
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InterpretationcitationThe use of MBIs for current psychiatric disorders is relatively new and should be considered preliminary.
“The use of MBIs in the treatment of current psychiatric disorders is relatively new and should be considered preliminary in nature (95).”
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PremisecitationKabat-Zinn and colleagues first brought mindfulness meditation into Western treatment for chronic pain and created MBSR.
“Jon Kabat-Zinn and colleagues (1) first introduced mindfulness meditative practices to treat chronic pain and developed a program named Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR; 1).”
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Interpretationnone givenMost studies of MBIs for current psychiatric disorders lack a comparison condition or use wait-list or treatment-as-usual controls.
“Most of these studies generally do not have a comparison condition and if they do they employ a wait-list control or treatment as usual comparison group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong patients with two or fewer depressive episodes there was no relapse risk reduction, while among those with three or more episodes recurrence risk fell by 43%.
“While there was no risk reduction of relapse among patients with two or fewer episodes the risk of recurrence was reduced by 43% among those with three or more episodes (23).”
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PremisecitationMultimodal MBIs appear effective for anorexia nervosa, while brief interventions may not be beneficial.
“Specifically, multimodal MBIs appear effective, while brief interventions may not be beneficial in treating anorexia nervosa (35).”
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PremisecitationMindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention may reduce both substance use and craving.
“Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention may be successful in reducing both substance use and craving (40)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] Daley DC, 2006
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PremisecitationRecurrently depressed individuals have impaired cognitive functioning and diminished cognitive resources.
“Recurrently depressed individuals’ vulnerability to depressogenic cognition is additionally exacerbated by impaired cognitive functioning and diminished cognitive resources.”
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InterpretationreasoningIt is possible that meditators had distinct brain anatomy for reasons other than meditation, such as genetic or environmental factors.
“Indeed, it could have been the case that meditators possessed distinct features of brain anatomy for reasons other than meditation (e.g. genetic, environmental, etc.).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter MBCT training, participants show improved self-reported mindfulness, reduced rumination and worry, improved meta-awareness, increased self-compassion, and reduced emotional reactivity.
“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
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Interpretationnone givenThe specific impact of these cognitive improvements has not yet been established.
“Although the specific impact of these cognitive improvements is yet to be established”
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InterpretationcitationThe non-judgmental stance conveyed across MBIs allows participants to recover from emotional states more quickly and increases flexibility in responding to stressful events.
“The non-judgmental stance conveyed across MBIs allows participants to recover from one’s emotional state more quickly and increases the flexibility through which one can respond to stressful events (75).”
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PremisecitationMBCT has been shown to augment suppression of currently irrelevant mental sets and promote cognitive flexibility and overall cognitive functioning, benefits that correlate with reduced depressive symptoms.
“MBCT has additionally been shown to augment suppression of currently-irrelevant mental sets (74) and promote both cognitive flexibility and overall cognitive functioning (75), benefits which correlate with a reduction in depressive symptomology.”
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PremisecitationHölzel and colleagues also found that participants reported significant reduction in perceived stress, which correlated positively with decreased gray matter density in the right basolateral amygdala.
“They also found that participants reported significant reduction in perceived stress that correlated positively with decrease in gray matter density in the right basolateral amygdala (89).”
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PremisecitationThese improvements at least partially mediated or predicted MBCT's effect on treatment outcome, with the strongest effects for mindfulness, rumination, worry, and emotional reactivity.
“Moreover, these improvements at least partially mediated or predicted the effect of MBCT on treatment outcome (see 59–61 for reviews), with the strongest effects found for mindfulness, rumination, worry, and emotional reactivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies of other MBIs in healthy participants indicate improvements in working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition, with very limited evidence for attentional improvements.
“Studies examining other MBIs with healthy participants similarly indicated improvements in cognitive abilities such as working memory (76–77), cognitive flexibility (78–79) and inhibition (80), with very limited evidence regarding attentional improvements (see (73) for a review).”
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InterpretationcitationThrough repeated meditation practices, MBIs develop body awareness, self-regulation, and emotion regulation skills.
“Through repeated meditation practices MBIs develop body awareness, self-regulation, and emotion regulation skills (81–86).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe effects of mindfulness and meditation training on the brain have been investigated in over one hundred brain imaging studies.
“The effects of mindfulness and meditation training on the brain have been investigated in over one hundred brain imaging studies”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMBCT has been shown to reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory, improve attention deployment during sad mood, and reduce attentional bias to negative emotional stimuli, although attentional improvements are not ubiquitous.
“MBCT has been shown to reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory (55, 69, 70), improve attention deployment and maintenance during sad mood (71) and reduce attentional-bias towards negative emotional stimuli (72), although such attentional improvements are not ubiquitous (42, 48, 73).”
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PremisecitationThese individuals often show overgeneral autobiographical memory, impaired attention regulation, and difficulty suppressing competing or irrelevant thoughts and mental sets.
“These individuals often exhibit overgeneral autobiographical memory (i.e. a difficulty in retrieving specific personal events), impairments in attention regulation, and difficulties suppressing competing or currently-irrelevant thoughts and mental sets, among other cognitive deficits (62–68).”
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Interpretationnone givenCognitive faculties are important for disengaging from negative thinking patterns in depression and may be vital for addressing cognitive deficits in numerous clinical conditions.
“such cognitive faculties are important factors in facilitating the disengagement from negating thinking patterns associated with depression and may be vital in addressing the cognitive deficits associated with numerous clinical conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIn sum, the science and practice of MBIs have proven clear benefit among those with psychiatric disorders.
“In sum, the science and practice of MBIs have proven to have clear benefit among those with psychiatric disorders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenThese brain regions have been associated with learning and memory, emotion regulation, self-referential processing, and perspective taking.
“These various brain regions have been associated with learning and memory processes, emotion regulation, self-referential processing, and perspective taking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenIt is less clear whether mindfulness interventions can serve as an adjunctive treatment to current psychotherapy or psychopharmacological interventions.
“Further, although mindfulness interventions may reduce psychiatric symptoms on their own, it is less clear whether they can serve as an adjunctive treatment to current psychotherapy or psychopharmacological interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenMuch is known about patient populations that may benefit from mindfulness training, but not about who benefits most from MBI treatment.
“Although we know much about the patient populations that may benefit from receiving mindfulness training, we do not yet know for whom MBI treatment may work best.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent meta-analysis reviewed 78 functional neuroimaging studies and used activation likelihood estimation on 257 activation peak locations from 31 experiments involving 527 participants.
“A recent meta-analysis reviewed 78 functional neuroimaging (fMRI and PET) studies of meditation, and used activation likelihood estimation to conduct a meta-analysis of 257 activation peak locations from 31 experiments involving 527 participants (90).”
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Interpretationnone givenDifferent types of meditation practices may influence different brain structures.
“In line, different types of meditation practices may influence different brain structures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe meta-analysis categorized meditation practices into four main types-focused attention, mantra recitation, open monitoring, and compassion/loving-kindness-plus three less studied types.
“This meta-analysis covered various meditation practice, which the authors categorized into four main types: 1) focused attention, 2) mantra recitation, 3) open monitoring, and 4) compassion/loving-kindness meditation; and three additional types that have been less studied: 1) visualization, 2) sense-withdrawal, and 3) non-dual awareness practices.”
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Interpretationnone givenMBIs reduce symptoms across psychiatric disorders, with mounting support for anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders.
“In addition, these interventions reduce symptoms across psychiatric disorders with mounting support for anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationLimited studies have examined the effectiveness of MBIs in real-life settings and how best to disseminate them into the community.
“Additionally, limited studies have examined the effectiveness of MBIs in real-life settings (92) and how best to disseminate these efficacious interventions into the community.”
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InterpretationreasoningIt is likely that group-based MBI programs can be added to standard care, but research is needed before making strong recommendations for providers.
“It is likely the case that these group based programs can be added to standard care, however research is needed in order to make strong recommendations for providers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenNumerous investigations show MBIs are efficacious for reducing depression relapse and treating depression symptoms.
“Numerous research investigations have shown that MBIs are efficacious for reducing depression relapse and treating depression symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe meta-analysis authors concluded that convergence is the exception rather than the rule.
“However, the authors conclude that “convergence is the exception rather than the rule” (90).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90] source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness is a natural human state in which a person experiences and attends to the present moment.
“At its base, mindfulness is a natural human state in which an individual experiences and attends to the present moment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindful acceptance is crucial for treatment effectiveness.
“Mindful acceptance is deemed crucial for treatment effectiveness.”
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All MIs reviewed aimed to teach participants to observe and accept their thoughts and feelings without emotionally reacting to them via a combination of cognitive, meditative, and breathing exercises.
“All MIs reviewed in this study aimed to teach participants to observe and accept their thoughts and feelings without emotionally reacting to them via a combination of cognitive, meditative, and breathing exercises (Shapero et al ., 2018).”
From Group-based mindfulness interventions in prisons: a selective critical review (2024) · cites this paper as Shapero et al., 2018
The Treatment section describes mindfulness interventions as teaching people to attend to thoughts and emotions with an accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, and it describes meditation and an MBCT breathing exercise. The Introduction says MBCT combines cognitive-behavioral therapy with mindfulness, but the paper does not establish that every intervention reviewed in the citing study used a combination of cognitive, meditative, and breathing exercises. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCultivating mindfulness skills may address immediate symptoms and cultivate long-term resilience and adaptive coping mechanisms.
“This suggests that cultivating mindfulness skills may not only address immediate symptoms but also cultivate long-term resilience and adaptive coping mechanisms (3,4).”
From Mindful Steps Forward: Exploring the Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Social Anxiety (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
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BackgroundHow does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?
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“The relapse rate among MBCT +TAU patients was 32% relative to 60% for the TAU control group (22).”
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“Additionally, several studies have shown preliminary evidence of the effect of MBIs with patients with Bipolar Disorder (32), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (33), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (34).”
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“Further, MBCT may be a particularly viable option for patients who would like to discontinue antidepressant medications (28).”
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“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
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“Evidence is accumulating to suggest that MBCT is more effective than TAU and active control for those who had experienced childhood trauma (25).”
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“Additionally, limited studies have examined the effectiveness of MBIs in real-life settings (92) and how best to disseminate these efficacious interventions into the community.”
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“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
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“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
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“Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention may be successful in reducing both substance use and craving (40), however a meta-analysis did not detect statistically significant differences between Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention and comparators on relapse, frequency of use, treatment dropout (41).”
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“Different treatment delivery formats such as individual therapy sessions (18), one day workshops (19), telephone delivered therapy (20), a smartphone app (20), and web-based therapy (21) have been used in prior research.”
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“Although MBIs were not initially developed to treat psychopathology (94) emerging evidence suggests that they may be useful in treating many active psychiatric disorders.”
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“Different treatment delivery formats such as individual therapy sessions (18), one day workshops (19), telephone delivered therapy (20), a smartphone app (20), and web-based therapy (21) have been used in prior research.”
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How Does MBCT for Depression Work? Studying Cognitive and Affective Mediation Pathways
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“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
BackgroundMindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an augmentation treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Key, B. L., Rowa, K., Bieling, P., McCabe, R., & Pawluk, E. J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2076 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, several studies have shown preliminary evidence of the effect of MBIs with patients with Bipolar Disorder (32), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (33), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (34).”
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“Different treatment delivery formats such as individual therapy sessions (18), one day workshops (19), telephone delivered therapy (20), a smartphone app (20), and web-based therapy (21) have been used in prior research.”
MethodEmpirically supported psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder: Current state of the research
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“Additionally, several studies have shown preliminary evidence of the effect of MBIs with patients with Bipolar Disorder (32), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (33), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (34).”
BackgroundShallcross, A. J., Gross, J. J., Visvanathan, P. D., Kumar, N., Palfrey, A., Ford, B. Q., Dimidjian, S., Shirk, S., Holm-Denoma, J., Goode, K. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000050 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Behavioral Health Consultation and Primary Care: Lessons Learned
Robinson, P. J., & Strosahl, K. D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-009-9145-z · Cited by 80 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The duration of ACT interventions varies considerably; ranging from 12 one-hour individual sessions (16) to as short as 20 minute sessions integrated into primary care visits (17).”
BackgroundBostanov, V., Keune, P. M., Kotchoubey, B., & Hautzinger, M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.031 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“MBCT has been shown to reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory (55, 69, 70), improve attention deployment and maintenance during sad mood (71) and reduce attentional-bias towards negative emotional stimuli (72), although such attentional improvements are not ubiquitous (42, 48, 73).”
BackgroundDe Raedt, R., Baert, S., Demeyer, I., Goeleven, E., Raes, A., Visser, A., Wysmans, M., Jansen, E., Schacht, R., Van Aalderen, J. R., et al. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9411-x · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“MBCT has been shown to reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory (55, 69, 70), improve attention deployment and maintenance during sad mood (71) and reduce attentional-bias towards negative emotional stimuli (72), although such attentional improvements are not ubiquitous (42, 48, 73).”
BackgroundMeadows, G. N., Shawyer, F., Enticott, J. C., Graham, A. L., Judd, F., Martin, P. R., Piterman, L., & Segal, Z. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414525841 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Davidson, R. J. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0135 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The use of MBIs in the treatment of current psychiatric disorders is relatively new and should be considered preliminary in nature (95).”
BackgroundExecutive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms
Letkiewicz, A. M., Miller, G. A., Crocker, L. D., Warren, S. L., Infantolino, Z. P., Mimnaugh, K. J., & Heller, W. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9629-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Schroevers, M. J., Tovote, K. A., Snippe, E., & Fleer, J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0575-z · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
BackgroundOne-day acceptance and commitment training workshops in medical populations
Dindo, L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.018 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Different treatment delivery formats such as individual therapy sessions (18), one day workshops (19), telephone delivered therapy (20), a smartphone app (20), and web-based therapy (21) have been used in prior research.”
MethodO’Doherty, V., Carr, A., McGrann, A., O’Neill, J. O., Dinan, S., Graham, I., & Maher, V. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0272-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Specificity of Life Goals
Crane, C., Winder, R., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., & Barnhofer, T. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9349-4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Does rumination mediate the relationship between mindfulness and depressive relapse?
Kearns, N. P., Shawyer, F., Brooker, J. E., Graham, A. L., Enticott, J. C., Martin, P. R., & Meadows, G. N. (2016) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12064 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Off with the Old”: Mindfulness Practice Improves Backward Inhibition
Greenberg, J., Reiner, K., & Meiran, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00618 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies examining other MBIs with healthy participants similarly indicated improvements in cognitive abilities such as working memory (76–77), cognitive flexibility (78–79) and inhibition (80), with very limited evidence regarding attentional improvements (see (73) for a review).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMindfulness in Anorexia Nervosa: An Integrated Review of the Literature
Dunne, J. P. (2017) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390317711250 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Specifically, multimodal MBIs appear effective, while brief interventions may not be beneficial in treating anorexia nervosa (35).”
Backgroundvan den Hurk, P. A. M., van Aalderen, J. R., Giommi, F., Donders, R. A. R. T., Barendregt, H. P., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.024811 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“MBCT has been shown to reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory (55, 69, 70), improve attention deployment and maintenance during sad mood (71) and reduce attentional-bias towards negative emotional stimuli (72), although such attentional improvements are not ubiquitous (42, 48, 73).”
BackgroundMindfulness Apprenticeship: A new Model of NHS-Based MBCT Teacher Training
Marx, R., Strauss, C., & Williamson, C. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0254-2 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“MBI teachers are required to have an ongoing personal mindfulness meditation practice in order to ‘embody’ the ethical underpinnings and core qualities that are associated with mindfulness (10).”
BackgroundGreenberg, J., Shapero, B. G., Mischoulon, D., & Lazar, S. W. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0746-x · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“MBCT has additionally been shown to augment suppression of currentlyirrelevant mental sets (74) and promote both cognitive flexibility and overall cognitive functioning (75), benefits which correlate with a reduction in depressive symptomology.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMahdiyee, M., Ali, A. A., Parviz, A., Ali, F. A., & Tavoli, A. (2015) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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- Daley DC, 2006, Overcoming Your Alcohol or Drug Problem: Effective Recovery Strategies: Therapist Guide
- Melyani M, 2015, J Psychol, 18, 393
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Sorted by citations
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Phan, M. L., Renshaw, T. L., Caramanico, J., Greeson, J. M., Mackenzie, E., Atkinson‐Diaz, Z., Doppelt, N., Tai, H., Mandell, D. S., & Nuske, H. J. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01885-9 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Shapero, B. G., Farabaugh, A., Terechina, O., DeCross, S., Cheung, J. C., Fava, M., & Holt, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.033 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationApolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., & Fritsche, L. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ong, N. Y., Teo, F. J. J., Ee, J. Z. Y., Yau, C. E., Thumboo, J., Tan, H. K., & Ng, Q. X. (2024) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2023-101115 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“58 Similarly, a majority of included articles in this review focused solely on physicians or nurses, and there is a paucity of research literature on the effectiveness of”
BackgroundWitarto, B. S., Visuddho, V., Witarto, A. P., Bestari, D., Sawitri, B., Melapi, T. A. S., & Wungu, C. D. K. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274177 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Furthermore, MBI was also beneficial to teach the participants to address their thoughts and emotions in a nonjudgmental way [11].”
BackgroundSalvado, M., Marques, D. L., Pires, I. M., & Silva, N. M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9101342 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The ultimate goal of MBIs is to cultivate mindfulness within individuals and incorporate its practice into daily life through contemplation meditation exercises, yoga, and other practices [24,26].”
BackgroundMindfulness in migraine: A narrative review
Wells, R. E., Seng, E. K., Edwards, R. R., Victorson, D. E., Pierce, C. R., Rosenberg, L., Napadow, V., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1715212 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Wade, M., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001764 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Finally, improvement in EFs such as cognitive flexibility may mediate the effect of some treatments (e.g. mindfulness) on psychopathology (Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPedro, J., Monteiro‐Reis, S., Carvalho‐Maia, C., Henrique, R., Jerónimo, C., & Silva, E. R. (2021) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5771 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Some interventions include some components of mindfulness, but the basis of the therapy is not mindfulness, such as Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT),(4,5) these so‐called Mindfulness‐Informed Interventions.(6) Until a consensus is reached on the concept of mindfulness, re…”
BackgroundMental Health Promotion in Adolescents
Santre, S. (2022) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342221120709 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cheung, D. S. K., Kor, P. P. K., Jones, C., Davies, N., Moyle, W., Chien, W. T., Yip, A. L. K., Chambers, S. K., Yu, C. T. K., & Lai, C. K. Y. (2020) · Asian Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.anr.2020.08.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Johns, S. A., Tarver, W. L., Secinti, E., Mosher, C. E., Stutz, P. V., Carnahan, J. L., Talib, T. L., Shanahan, M. L., Faidley, M. T., Kidwell, K. M., et al. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103290 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mindfulness programs for problematic usage of the internet: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fendel, J. C., Vogt, A., Brandtner, A., & Schmidt, S. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00024 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“ACT and DBT may or may not incorporate formal mindfulness meditation practices (Crane et al., 2017), but rather teach non-medita-tive mindfulness techniques that promote mindfulness skills using experiential exercises, stories, and metaphors (Burke, 2010; Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundReview of Mindfulness-Related Interventions to Modify Eating Behaviors in Adolescents
Omiwole, M., Richardson, C., Huniewicz, P., Dettmer, E. L., & Paslakis, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122917 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Mindfulness-informed approaches, such as the dialectic behavioral therapy (DBT) [25] or acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) [26], apply non-meditation-based techniques to address mindfulness [27].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Tinnitus Distress. A Systematic Review
Rademaker, M. M., Stegeman, I., Ho-Kang-You, K. E., Stokroos, R. J., & Smit, A. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01135 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“MBIs emphasize formal meditation and aim to help incorporate mindfulness in daily life (17).”
BackgroundInfluentialGreenberg, J., Datta, T., Shapero, B. G., Sevinc, G., Mischoulon, D., & Lazar, S. W. (2018) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000168 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, C., Tan, Y., Cheung, S., & Hu, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041636 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
On the use of AI for Generation of Functional Music to Improve Mental Health
Williams, D. A. H., Hodge, J., & Wu, C.-Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2020.497864 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Victorson, D. E., Sauer, C. M., Wolters, L., Maletich, C., Lukoff, K., & Sufrin, N. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01373-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) have been shown to effectively diminish symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression, and improve quality of life in clinical (Shapero et al. 2018) and healthy non-clinical populations (Khoury et al. 2015).”
BackgroundOsborn, R., Dorstyn, D., Roberts, L., & Kneebone, I. (2021) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-020-09753-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“MBSR, MBCT), but also programs which incorporate mindfulness exercises to promote awareness and focus attention (e.g., Acceptance and Commitment therapy; Shapero et al. 2018).”
BackgroundRemskar, M., Western, M. J., & Ainsworth, B. (2024) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12745 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nesset, M., Bjørngaard, J., Whittington, R., & Palmstierna, T. (2020) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103795 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Mace, R. A., Popok, P., Kulich, R. J., Patel, K. V., Burns, J. W., Somers, T. J., Keefe, F. J., Schatman, M. E., & Vrancenanu, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s266455 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationHaidar, A., Nwosisi, E., & Burnett‐Zeigler, I. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02194-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Mindfulness-based interventions teach participants to develop an awareness of their environment and internal experience without judgment, such that they can change their relationship to distressing thoughts, emotions, and sensations (Segal et al., 2002; Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGeurts, D. E. M., Haegens, N. M., Beek, M. H. C. T. V., Schroevers, M. J., Compen, F. R., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.043 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. A. (2023) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint4040031 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Argyriadis, A., Ioannidou, L. M., Dimitrakopoulos, I., Gourni, M., Ntimeri, G., Vlachou, C., & Argyriadi, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060879 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Wu, H., & Guo, C. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01775-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“1 3 facilitate mindful focus on bodily sensations and include sitting meditation, mindful movement, and body scanning (Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundKoszycki, D., Guérin, E., DiMillo, J., & Bradwejn, J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2502 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
What Mindfulness, and for Whom? And Why Might it Work?
Sedlmeier, P. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02218-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…et al., 2013), whereas others (e.g., Acceptance and Commitment Therapy [ACT], Hayes et al., 2012; or Dialectical Behavior Therapy [DBT], Line-han, 1993) are sometimes referred to as mindfulness-informed interventions that place less emphasis on formal meditation practice (Shapero et al., 2018).”
Tung, K.-M., Su, Y., Kang, Y., Hou, W., Hoang, K. D., Chen, K., & Chen, C. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111666 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Caetano, B., Chorão, A. L., Alves, S., Canavarro, M. C., & Pires, R. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02451-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 1999) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993) mindfulness-informed interventions rather than MBIs because they incorporate mindfulness practices as part of a broader treatment program (Hoffman & Gómez, 2017; Shapero et al., 2018).”
Van Dam, N. T., Targett, J., Davies, J. N., Burger, A., & Galante, J. (2025) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241298269 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“that integrate concepts related to mindfulness and/or Buddhist philosophy but do not emphasize intensive meditation training (mindfulness-informed interventions; Shapero et al., 2018).”
Karo, M., Simorangkir, L., Daryanti Saragih, I., Suarilah, I., & Tzeng, H. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12941 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rose, A. L., Hopko, D. R., Lejuez, C. W., & Magidson, J. F. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805469-7.00015-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Treatment of Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease and Implications for Underlying Pathophysiology
Maher, S., Donlon, E., Mullane, G., Walsh, R. A., Lynch, T., & Fearon, C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082216 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In practice, these interventions often take the form of either Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) or Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) [77].”
BackgroundMace, R. A., Stauder, M. J., Hopkins, S. W., Cohen, J. E., Pietrzykowski, M. O., Philpotts, L. L., Luberto, C. M., & Vranceanu, A. (2024) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276241230467 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“24,39,40 Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) — secular, manualized, group-based intervention programs 41 — have had a growing presence in lifestyle medicine and medical settings over the past 20 years.”
Weiss de Souza, I. C., Kozasa, E. H., Bowen, S., Richter, K. P., Sartes, L. M. A., Colugnati, F. A. B., & Noto, A. R. (2020) · Nicotine and Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa057 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Systematic Review Exploring the Effectiveness of Body Image Interventions Among Boys
Ahuja, L., Schneider, J., Budhraja, M., Diedrichs, P. C., & Williamson, H. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00246-y · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“These interventions focus on cultivating awareness and acceptance of the present moment, helping individuals to manage stress, improve emotional regulation, and enhance overall quality of life (Shapero et al., 2018).”
Manan, H. A., Mir, I. A., Humayra, S., Tee, R. Y., & Vasu, D. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1435243 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This aligns with the theoretical underpinnings of MBSR, which supports the non-reactivity or acceptance mechanism (Kabat-Zinn, 1982) and increasing positive psychological attributes (Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultLiebherr, M., Brandtner, A., Brand, M., & Tang, Y. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15095 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Moyes, E., Nutman, G., & Mirman, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00454-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
SARI, Y. P., HSU, Y.-Y., & NGUYEN, T. T. B. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000586 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“MBI was first developed in the 1970s (Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundChoi, H. N., Hahm, S., Jeon, Y.-H., Han, J.-W., Kim, S., & Woo, J. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9060642 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pahlevan, T., Ung, C., & Segal, Z. V. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720904613 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Remskar, M., Western, M. J., Maynard, O., & Ainsworth, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984232 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Mindfulness meditation, the structured practice of non-judgmentally paying attention to the present moment rooted in Buddhist practice and philosophy (Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Shapero et al., 2018), is at the core of MBIs.”
BackgroundBallarotto, G., D’Anna, V., Stefàno, L., & Velotti, P. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02405-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…clinical efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in a wide range of psychological conditions (Goldberg et al., 2018; Klainin-Yobas et al., 2012; Shapero et al., 2018), interventions based on increasing awareness to promote pro-environmental behaviors have yielded disappointing results (Böhme…”
Karayannis, N. V., Smuck, M. W., Law, C. S. W., Mackey, S., Gross, J. J., Darnall, B. D., & Hush, J. M. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102721 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Remskar, M., Ainsworth, B., Maynard, O., Malkowski, O. S., Birch, A., Burd, A., Caretu, T.-C., Assaad, L. E., Christodoulou-Tsiaoukkas, A., Menon, A., et al. (2025) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2025.100680 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Molteni, L., Gosling, C. J., Fagan, H. A., Hyde, J., Benatti, B., Dell’Osso, B. M., Cortese, S., Baldwin, D. S., & Huneke, N. T. M. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115897 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…or meditative practices to increase mindfulness skills, whereas others (including Dia-lectical Behavioural Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) incorporate mindfulness practices and employ a range of non – meditation-based techniques to promote mindfulness skills (Shapero et al. 2018).”
Franco, H. (2021) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12679 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Godage, P., Giggins, O. M., Doyle, J., & Byrne, A. (2025) · Oxford Open Digital Health · doi:10.1093/oodh/oqaf006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emotional schemas in relation to educators’ social and emotional competencies to promote student SEL
Jennings, P. A., Álamos, P., Baelen, R. N., Jeon, L., & Nicholas-Hoff, P. Y. (2024) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2024.100064 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Burgos‐Julián, F. A., Ruiz‐Íñiguez, R., Peña‐Ibáñez, F., Montero, A. C., & Santed‐Germán, M. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2717 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bürkle, J. J., Schmidt, S., & Fendel, J. C. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102977 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sessanna, L., Nisbet, P., Alanazi, N., Lorissaint, D., Auerbach, S. L., Chang, Y., & Lorenz, R. A. (2020) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773820958125 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are founded on a psychosocial-mind-body oriented approach that has a long history in eastern practices (Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundChan, S. H., Cheung, M., Chiu, A. T. S., Leung, M. H. T., Kuo, M. D., Yip, D. Y. C., Hui, C. C. Y., Kam, S. W. I., Yeung, K., Mui, D. S. P., et al. (2023) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2023.100993 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“26 , 27 Meanwhile, music showed a potential add-on effect to the mindfulness.”
BackgroundAn Existential Perspective on Addiction Treatment: A Logic-Based Therapy Case StudyPreprint
Plessis, G. D. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3350606 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Burić, I., Žderić, L., Koch, P., & de Bruin, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.076 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Slouha, E., Patel, B., Mohamed, A. H. H., Razeq, Z., Clunes, L. A., & Kollias, T. F. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.51003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Demirdöğen, E. Ş., Orak, I., Güzeloğlu, Ö. M. C., Warikoo, N., & Yavuz, M. (2022) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.13027 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hatch, S., Kessler, D., Finlayson, M. L., & Rej, S. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00905-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Meditating Together: Practices, Benefits and Challenges of Meditation on Social Virtual Reality
Liu, L. H., Lu, X., Chiang, P.-C., Epstein, D. A., & Squire, K. D. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713172 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of an 8-Week Mindfulness Course in People With Voice Disorders
Brown, C. K., Vazquez, J., Metz, S. M., & McCown, D. (2023) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.10.031 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kwon, C., Chung, S.-Y., & Kim, J. W. (2020) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2020.100451 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Juberg, M., Spencer, S. D., Martin, T. J., Vibell, J., da Costa Ferro, A., Kam, B., & Masuda, A. (2019) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650119836166 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pirbaglou, M., El Morr, C., Ahmad, F., & Ritvo, P. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/65853 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sylvia, A. M., Mano, K. E. J., Birkley, E. L., & Mano, Q. R. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231221278 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…between dispositional mindfulness and avoidance would have implications for the use of mindfulness interventions for those with PTSD. MBIs provide patients with training in formal and informal meditation practices that emphasize attentional control and nonjudgmental attitude (Shapero et al., 2018).”
Group-based mindfulness interventions in prisons: a selective critical review
Harding-White, M. F., Mojtahedi, D., & Carson, J. (2024) · The Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-10-2022-0054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Eaton, A. D., Rourke, S. B., Craig, S. L., Fallon, B., Emlet, C. A., Katz, E., & Walmsley, S. L. (2023) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/14680173231207961 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“While MBSR and MBCT are the two predominant and manua-lized mindfulness therapies, other MBIs have been developed that incorporate components of mindfulness and meditation (Shapero et al., 2018).”
BackgroundTrauma-Sensitive Mindfulness for War Refugees: Communication of Preliminary Findings
Jeebodh-Desai, L., & Dwarika, V. M. (2022) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare2040046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Therapy Strategies for Substance Use Disorders
Worley, J. (2020) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20200115-02 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effect of anapanasati meditation on verbal aggression: A randomized controlled trial
Sivaramappa, B., Deshpande, S., Kumar, P. V. G., & Nagendra, H. R. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.06.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wu, H., & Guo, C. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01718-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dones, V. C., Yamat, K. S., Santos, K. E. P., Concepcion, A. V. M., & Lacson, M. A. R. (2024) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.8140 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mindfulness Meditation and Spaceflight: A Potential Adjunct Therapy for Astronauts
Saniotis, A., la Torre, G. G. D., Galassi, F. M., Henneberg, M., & Mohammadi, K. (2023) · THE MIND - Bulletin on Mind-Body Medicine Research · doi:10.61936/themind/202312222 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sturgeon, M. (2023) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.13140 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Review of Evidence-Based Strategies to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder
Worley, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20211110-01 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gawrysiak, M. J., Pohlig, R. T., Chaoul, A., Vaughn, M. G., Rocco, G., Clark, C., Grassetti, S. N., Petrovitch, D., & Wangyal, T. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02292-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Introducing the eMCC™: A Validated Taxonomy to Advance Targeted Application of Mindfulness Skills
Wolever, R. Q., Kahn, J. A., Davis, J., Shields, D., & Schoenberg, P. L. A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01280-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shepherd, G., & Cant, M. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12276 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Easdale-Cheele, T., Nash, G., Filobokova, V., Westbury, C., & Bellato, A. (2026) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70103 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“MBIs, such as mindfulness - based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness - based cognitive therapy (MBCT), are usually structured, group - based, instructor - led, and manualised programmes that combine formal and informal mindfulness practices (Shapero et al., 2018).”
InfluentialMapping the Field of Mindfulness Research in Management: Trends and Ways Forward
Darshna, A., Parsad, C., Sahay, V. S., & Sanyal, P. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115457 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bagewadi, B. M., Patil, N. G., & Desai, S. (2024) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_760_23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Santana, K. D. O., Pereira, C. F., Ramos, M. S., da Silva, R. R., de Vargas, D., Fernandes, M. N. D. F., & Gherardi‐Donato, E. C. D. S. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.03.016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The importance of yoga and mindfulness during pregnancy
Vaamonde, D., Algar‐Santacruz, C., Pettit, J. R., Chacon, B., & Dillard, D. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818309-0.00018-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How Active Management Survives
Heaton, J. B., & Pennington, G. L. (2018) · Financial Planning Review · doi:10.1002/cfp2.1031 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chen, D.-T., Nien, J., Chen, H., Gill, D. L., Yang, Y.-R., Hsieh, W.-L., Hung, T., & Chang, Y. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02842-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…meditation and body scan) and informal training, in which individuals adopt a mind-ful philosophy in their daily routine (e.g., mindful eating) (Shapero et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2021), thereby enhancing various aspects of individuals' emotions, cognition, behavior, and overall well-being…”
Keune, P. M., Meister, R., Keune, J., Springer, R., Oschmann, P., Hansen, S., Holmerová, I., & Auer, S. (2024) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2024.2427268 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The indicated processes have been well established in the case of healthy individuals and various psychiatric groups (Goldberg et al., 2018; Khoury et al., 2015; Shapero et al., 2018).”
Hawley, L. L., Lisi, D., Richter, M. A., Selchen, S., & Rector, N. A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effect of emotion recognition and mindfulness on depression symptoms: A case–control study
Aydın, O., Tvrtković, S., Çakıroğlu, E., Ünal‐Aydın, P., & Danacı, A. E. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12992 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cheng, D., Young, D. K. W., Carlbring, P., Petrus Yat-nam, N. G., & Hung, S. L. (2023) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2023.2281418 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Externalizing Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Sahithya, B. R., & Kashyap, R. S. (2023) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9983-2.ch014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Salamin, V., Rigucci, S., Rougemont-Bücking, A., Horat, S. K., Gothuey, I., Merlo, M. C. G., & Missonnier, P. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00191-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…of several manual-based programs, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) (Kabat-Zinn, 1990) or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) (Segal et al., 2013), mindfulness is now widely applied in psychiatric settings (Khoury et al., 2013; Shapero et al., 2018; Strauss et al., 2014).”
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in PreventingDepression Symptoms
Pandey, S. (2023) · Indian Journal of Health Studies · doi:10.56490/ijhs.2023.5205 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and the second intervention, MBCT was introduced as a prevention of relapse for people with chronic depression and was also proved effective in dealing with anxiety, stress, irritability and fatigue (Shapero et al., 2018; Frostadottir and Dorjee, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialMindfulness-based approaches to mental health
Nauphal, M., Cardona, N. D., Morgan, L. P. K., & Eustis, E. H. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Mental Health · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00053-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Taylor, S., Qiao, S., Weissman, S., & Li, X. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211025144 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mind–Body Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
Maiello, M., Ward, M. J., & Bui, É. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of Mindfulness-Based Therapy on Pain and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Choobforoushzadeh, A., & Ardakan, A. M. (2019) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.7.4.271 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shapero, B. G., Greenberg, J., Pedrelli, P., de Jong, M., & Desbordes, G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Dr. Shapero, Dr. Greenberg, and Dr. Pedrelli are with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. de Jong is with the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Dr. Desbordes is with the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
- Venue
- Focus
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-39
- ISSN
- 1541-4094 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-4108
- PMC
- PMC5870875
- OpenAlex
- W2786706117
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 14.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K01AT008225)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness meditation, mental illness, treatment efficacy, cognitive mechanisms, neural mechanisms, psychological mechanisms, psychotherapy
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