Human Scalp Electroencephalography Reveals that Repetition Suppression Varies with Expectation
Open accessAbstract
Repetitions of a sensory event elicit lower levels of brain activity than its initial presentation ("repetition suppression," RS). According to one view, RS depends on the biophysics of neuronal discharge, and is thus an automatic consequence of stimulus processing ("fatigue" model). Another account suggests that RS depends on the statistical structure of the environment, and occurs when repeated stimuli are less surprising than novel stimuli ("surprise reduction" model). In support of the latter view, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that RS is modulated by the local probability of repetition. However, single-cell recordings from macaque inferotemporal area (IT) have failed to replicate this finding. Here, we recorded scalp electroencephalography from human participants viewing pairs of faces that repeated (face(1)-face(1)) or alternated (face(1)-face(2)), in contexts in which repetitions were expected or unexpected. As previously described, event-related potentials in the range of 100-400 ms recorded at posterior electrode sites and at the vertex differed between repetitions and alternations. Critically, at central electrodes, we observed that the difference between repeated and alternating stimuli was attenuated when repetitions were unexpected, as predicted by the surprise reduction model. These findings demonstrate that the modulation of RS by repetition probability is observable using direct neural recording methods in human participants, and that it occurs relatively late (>300 ms) post-stimulus. Finally, we found that theta-band (4-8 Hz) spectral power over central electrodes varied with the three-way interaction between of repetition, expectation, and the rate of change of the environment, consistent with recent reports that frontal theta may be a hallmark of learning processes originating in the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex.
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Expectations can arise from arbitrary stimulus pairings, predictive cues, or higher order regularities.
“Similarly, expectations can arise from arbitrary stimulus pairings, 90 predictive cues, or higher order regularities.”
From Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes expectations based on a high-order statistical pattern learned over an extended stimulation history. The Results, under Single-trial analyses (page unavailable), say expectations were not overtly signaled, and the cited passages do not establish arbitrary stimulus pairings or predictive cues as sources of expectation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Summerfield, C., Wyart, V., Johnen, V. M., & de Gardelle, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Summerfield, Christopher
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 67-67
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3147224
- OpenAlex
- W1969232538
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT092646AIA)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- repetition suppression, expectations, event-related potentials, face perception, frontal theta, learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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