Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) neurofeedback as a treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—a pilot study
Open accessAbstract
In this pilot study near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) neurofeedback was investigated as a new method for the treatment of Attention Deficit-/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Oxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex of children with ADHD was measured and fed back. 12 sessions of NIRS-neurofeedback were compared to the intermediate outcome after 12 sessions of EEG-neurofeedback (slow cortical potentials, SCP) and 12 sessions of EMG-feedback (muscular activity of left and right musculus supraspinatus). The task was either to increase or decrease hemodynamic activity in the prefrontal cortex (NIRS), to produce positive or negative shifts of SCP (EEG) or to increase or decrease muscular activity (EMG). In each group nine children with ADHD, aged 7-10 years, took part. Changes in parents' ratings of ADHD symptoms were assessed before and after the 12 sessions and compared within and between groups. For the NIRS-group additional teachers' ratings of ADHD symptoms, parents' and teachers' ratings of associated behavioral symptoms, childrens' self reports on quality of life and a computer based attention task were conducted before, 4 weeks and 6 months after training. As primary outcome, ADHD symptoms decreased significantly 4 weeks and 6 months after the NIRS training, according to parents' ratings. In teachers' ratings of ADHD symptoms there was a significant reduction 4 weeks after the training. The performance in the computer based attention test improved significantly. Within-group comparisons after 12 sessions of NIRS-, EEG- and EMG-training revealed a significant reduction in ADHD symptoms in the NIRS-group and a trend for EEG- and EMG-groups. No significant differences for symptom reduction were found between the groups. Despite the limitations of small groups and the comparison of a completed with two uncompleted interventions, the results of this pilot study are promising. NIRS-neurofeedback could be a time-effective treatment for ADHD and an interesting new option to consider in the treatment of ADHD.
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One of the key positive findings from all NF modalities, including EEG-NF, NIRS-NF and fMRI-NF, is evidence for longer-term delayed consolidation effects which appear to be more pronounced at follow-up than at post-NF assessments.
“One of the key positive findings from all NF modalities, including EEG-NF, NIRS-NF and fMRI-NF, is evidence for longer-term delayed consolidation effects which appear to be more pronounced at follow-up than at post-NF assessments (Arns and Strehl, 2013; Arns et al., 2014; Marx et al., 2015; Alegria et al., 2017).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Marx et al., 2015
In Results > Within-group comparisons for the NIRS-group (page unavailable), children performed significantly faster on a Go/NoGo task at the six-month follow-up than at the four-week post-training assessment. That supports a delayed improvement for one NIRS outcome, but the paper does not establish a general delayed consolidation effect across NIRS outcomes or across EEG-, NIRS-, and fMRI-neurofeedback. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly NIRS-NF resulted in significant improvements in clinical ADHD symptoms and in cognitive inhibition and attention functions after 11 h sessions over 4 weeks, which was not superior to EEG-NF or electromyography-NF.
“Only NIRS-NF resulted in significant improvements in clinical ADHD symptoms and in cognitive inhibition and attention functions after 11 h sessions over 4 weeks, which was, however, not superior to EEG-NF or electromyography-NF (Marx et al., 2015).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Marx et al., 2015
The Discussion reports significant ADHD-symptom reduction in the NIRS group, only trends in the EEG and EMG groups, and no significant between-group difference. It also reports improved attention and impulsivity on a computer-based test. The Methods specify twelve approximately one-hour NIRS sessions over 4–6 weeks, not eleven sessions over four weeks; the four-week symptom assessment was after training. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Marx, A.-M., Ehlis, A.-C., Furdea, A., Holtmann, M., Banaschewski, T., Brandeis, D., Rothenberger, A., Gevensleben, H., Freitag, C. M., Fuchsenberger, Y., Fallgatter, A. J., & Strehl, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- LWL-Universitätsklinik Hamm (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Marx, Anna-Maria
- Strehl, Ute
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-01-07
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 1038-1038
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4285751
- OpenAlex
- W2109869928
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HO 2503/4-1, 195/69-1, 01GQ0831)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GQ0831)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, prefrontal cortex, oxyhemoglobin, neurofeedback, slow cortical potentials, ADHD symptom reduction, attentional performance, non-invasive brain stimulation
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