The DOI matches its Crossref record; 237 of the 237 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Changing Brain Networks Through Non-invasive Neuromodulation
Open accessAbstract
Background/Objective: Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), have increasingly been investigated for their potential as treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite widespread dissemination of these techniques, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and the ideal stimulation site for a given disorder remain unknown. Increasing evidence support the possibility of non-invasive neuromodulation affecting a brain network rather than just the local stimulation target. In this paper, we present evidence in a clinical setting to support the idea that non-invasive neuromodulation changes brain networks. Method: This paper addresses the idea that non-invasive neuromodulation modulates brain networks, rather than just the local stimulation target, using neuromodulation studies in tinnitus and major depression as examples. We present studies that support this hypothesis from different perspectives. Main Results/Conclusion: Studies stimulating the same brain region, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, have shown to be effective for several disorders and studies using different stimulation sites for the same disorder have shown similar results. These findings, as well as results from studies investigating brain network connectivity on both macro and micro levels, suggest that non-invasive neuromodulation affects a brain network rather than just the local stimulation site targeted. We propose that non-invasive neuromodulation should be approached from a network perspective and emphasize the therapeutic potential of this approach through the modulation of targeted brain networks.
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“rTMS uses focused magnetic field pulses to modify neural activity at the stimulation site and can induce structural and functional connectivity changes in distributed brain networks, 14 including the cognitive control network.”
From Cognitive Outcomes After Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Late-Life Depression: Résultats cognitifs après la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne pour le traitement de la dépression chez les personnes âgées (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
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Citations
Cites
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BackgroundMethodFunctional and Effective Connectivity: A Review
Friston, K. J. (2011) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2011.0008 · Cited by 3,415 · cited 4×
“Connectivity in brain networks can indeed be assessed in different ways (Friston, 2011).”
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“Another brain region that has been considered a key region in emotion regulation (Mayberg et al., 1999) and that has recently been investigated as a new rTMS target for depression is the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC; i.e., DMN node; Downar and Daskalakis, 2013; Anderson et al., 2016; Liu S.…”
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Items 101–135 of 135
Tinnitus and the Somatosensory System
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Neuromodulation in Dystonia – Harnessing the Network
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Neuromodulation for Gait Disorders
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Evaluating state-based network dynamics in anhedonia
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“Methods of non-invasive neuromodulation, such as repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deliver repeated magnetic pulses to specific brain regions and have been shown to have impacts that extend beyond these target regions to entire brain networks (To et al., 2018).”
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InfluentialBrain Stimulation Theory and Techniques
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“If validated, dsGrid could significantly enhance the precision of brain stimulation in both research [11,15,127] and clinical settings [128–130], making it a cost-effective and feasible option for precision medicine [131].”
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“If there are changes at the brain network level, noninvasive brain stimulation (neuromodulation) techniques that modify brain networks (To, De Ridder, Hart, & Vanneste, 2018), such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), could play an important role.”
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“…brain-centered care practice ( Volpe 2019; Molloy et al. 2024), together with behavioral, cognitive, and emerging noninvasive neuromodulatory approaches ( To et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2023; Zhong et al. 2025), may help promote more adaptive network dynamics and improve long-term cognitive outcomes.”
Metadata
- Authors
- To, W. T., De Ridder, D., Hart Jr., J., & Vanneste, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- Corresponding author
- To, Wing Ting
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-04-13
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 128-128
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5908883
- OpenAlex
- W2797266467
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- non-invasive neuromodulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, brain networks, tinnitus, major depressive disorder, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, brain network connectivity, stimulation site selection
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