The DOI matches its Crossref record; 141 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 90 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin
Open accessAbstract
As discussed in the larger review in this special issue (MacDonald and Feifel), intranasal oxytocin (OT) is demonstrating a growing potential as a therapeutic agent in psychiatry. Importantly, research suggests that a variety of individual factors may influence a person's response to OT. In this mini-review, I provide a review of three: (1) sex and hormonal status; (2) genetic variation in aspects of the OT system (i.e., OT receptors); and (3) attachment history. Each of these factors will be important to monitor as we strive to develop a richer understanding of OT's role in human development, brain-based disease, and the potential for individualized, OT-targeted treatments.
Checked 2026-10-09 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This mini-review argues that sex and hormonal status, genetic variation in the oxytocin system (OTR and CD38), and early attachment history are individual factors that may moderate response to intranasal oxytocin. It concludes that clinical evidence for these moderators is sparse and requires larger therapeutic trials.
Key findings
- Sex and hormonal status: animal and human evidence indicates sex-specific oxytocin effects; in a randomized, double-blind, within-subjects crossover trial of intranasal oxytocin (40 IU BID for 3 weeks) in generalized anxiety disorder, there was a trend-level dose-by-gender effect, with males showing significant HAM-A improvement on oxytocin while females showed higher HAM-A scores during treatment. Three multi-week schizophrenia studies had male-biased recruitment (62 males treated vs. 13 females) and none showed a sex-by-drug effect.
- Genetic variation: OTR and CD38 variants have been linked to personality, social behavior, stress/maltreatment responses, brain anatomy/function, and disease states such as schizophrenia and autism; however, no published studies have examined genetic variation in the OT system in relation to clinical response to oxytocin in psychiatrically ill patients. Examples include moderation of subjective responses to infant faces by OTR rs53576G, associations of OTR rs53576, rs2254298, and rs2228485 with Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test performance, and modulation of neural responses to emotional faces by OXTR rs2268498.
- Attachment history: early attachment experiences may shape the central OT system through epigenetic and neuroplastic changes, and intranasal oxytocin effects can be moderated by parental love-withdrawal and attachment representations. The only published clinical study cited in this area found that patients with borderline personality disorder and anxious attachment showed less trust than those with more secure attachment after intranasal oxytocin.
- Overall, the review presents these three factors as candidate moderators of oxytocin response, but emphasizes that clinical trial evidence remains limited.
Methods
- Design: narrative mini-review of three individual factors influencing response to intranasal oxytocin: sex and hormonal status, genetic variation in aspects of the OT system (OTR and CD38), and attachment history.
- Data or sample: no primary data or new sample; the paper synthesizes animal studies, human neurotypical studies, genetic and imaging studies, and clinical trials, including cited trials in generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and borderline personality disorder.
- Main analysis: narrative synthesis of cited literature; no systematic search, meta-analysis, or new statistical analysis is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that given the paucity of clinical trials with intranasal oxytocin, the suggestion that these factors moderate clinical response should be viewed with circumspection, and larger-scale therapeutic trials are needed.
- The paper states that no published studies have examined genetic variation in the OT system in relation to clinical response to oxytocin in psychiatrically ill patients, and that evidence for early experience impacting OT response in clinical populations is sparse, with only one published study in borderline personality disorder.
- Evident from the text: as a mini-review, it does not report a systematic search or formal quality appraisal, and it notes replicability and effect-size concerns, including failed associations in some OTR studies.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 90 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“testosterone seems from one perspective to have opposite behavioral effects to the prosocial impact classically associated with OT: decreasing trust, generosity, empathy (van Honk and Schutter, 2007; Zak et al., 2009; Bos et al., 2010)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Honk and Schutter, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Zak et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Bos et al., 2010
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“men and women show differences in plasma OT levels (Ozsoy et al., 2009; Gordon et al., 2010; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2011; Weisman et al., 2012b)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ozsoy et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Gordon et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Holt-Lunstad et al., 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“many other single-dose studies have not found an effect of sex (see Bartz et al., 2011b for review).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bartz et al., 2011b
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, research suggests that a variety of individual factors may influence a person’s response to OT.”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“though other studies in this area have failed to find a sex bias (Rodrigues et al., 2009; Saphire-Bernstein et al., 2011; Feldman et al., 2012).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Saphire-Bernstein et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Feldman et al., 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this mini-review, I provide a review of three: (1) sex and hormonal status; (2) genetic variation in aspects of the OT system (i.e., OT receptors); and (3) attachment history.”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“gender-dependent effects have been demonstrated in some single-dose studies (Hurlemann et al., 2010), including studies of effects on they amygdala (Domes et al., 2010; Rupp et al., 2012), and interpersonal behavior (Liu et al., 2012)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hurlemann et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Domes et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Rupp et al., 2012
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“which has many opponent actions to OT (Neumann and Landgraf, 2012).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neumann and Landgraf, 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this mini-review, I provide a review of three: (1) sex and hormonal status; (2) genetic variation in aspects of the OT system (i.e., OT receptors); and (3) attachment history.”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As background, animal studies indicate that sex-specific differences in response to OT are common (Williams et al., 1994; Cho et al., 1999; Bales and Carter, 2003; Bales et al., 2007)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Bales and Carter, 2003
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
In the paper
“the histological structure for OT neurons is sexually dimorphic, suggesting that sex steroids play a role in early morphogenesis of this system (de Vries, 2008).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Vries, 2008
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Scheele et al. (2012) found in a group of 86 normal heterosexual males that IN OT preferentially stimulated men in a monogamous relationship – but not single males – to maintain more personal space from women (but not men).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scheele et al., 2012
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“testosterone promotes both OTR binding in the hypothalamus (Johnson et al., 1991) as well as production of AVP (Delville et al., 1996)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 1991
- Not checked yetcites Delville et al., 1996
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Estrogen upregulates OT and OT receptor (OTR) production (Patisaul et al., 2003; Windle et al., 2006; Choleris et al., 2008)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patisaul et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Windle et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Choleris et al., 2008
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this mini-review, I provide a review of three: (1) sex and hormonal status; (2) genetic variation in aspects of the OT system (i.e., OT receptors); and (3) attachment history.”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“This trial demonstrated a trend level dose-by-gender effect such that males treated with OT showed a significant clinical improvement in HAM-A scores with OT, whereas females showed higher HAM-A scores during 3 weeks of treatment.”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feifel et al., 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in neurotypical subjects, genetic differences in the OT system impacts positive personality factors and social behavior (Bakermans-Kranenburg and van Ijzendoorn, 2008; Rodrigues et al., 2009; Montag et al., 2011; Saphire-Bernstein et al., 2011; Walter et al., 2012)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations in OTR and CD38
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg and van Ijzendoorn, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Montag et al., 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“female OTR (rs4813625) carriers demonstrated greater stress-induced dopamine release, higher attachment and trait anxiety, and lower emotional well-being scores (Love et al., 2012).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations in OTR and CD38
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Love et al., 2012
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“retinoids (vitamin-A related compounds) can be used to increase CD38 expression (Riebold et al., 2011), thus providing an alternative way to stimulate the OT system or potentially augment IN OT treatment (Ebstein et al., 2011).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations in OTR and CD38
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Riebold et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Ebstein et al., 2011
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The three extant studies using multiple weeks of OT treatment in patients with schizophrenia demonstrated a male bias in recruitment (62 males treated vs. 13 females), though none showed a sex-by-drug effect (Feifel et al., 2010; Pedersen et al., 2011; Modabbernia et al., 2012).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feifel et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Pedersen et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Modabbernia et al., 2012
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“these parameters may impact OT levels (Salonia et al., 2005, but, see Rubin et al., 2011) and psychiatric symptoms (Rubin et al., 2010).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Sex and Hormonal Status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salonia et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Rubin et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Rubin et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These socially hapless mice forget the location of their pups as well as previous social encounters, and synthesize, but don’t properly secrete OT.”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations in OTR and CD38
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“other potential contributors to neuropeptidergic individuality include: (1) differences in baseline and dynamic levels of OT release in the brain and/or secretion into the plasma, the latter found to correlate with personality and brain structure (Andari et al., 2012)”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations in OTR and CD38
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andari et al., 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, variants in the CD38 gene have been tied to OT secretion (Kiss et al., 2011), social processing (Higashida et al., 2012a; Sauer et al., 2012), sensitive parenting (Feldman, 2012), and potentially autism (Higashida et al., 2011, 2012b for review).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations in OTR and CD38
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiss et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Higashida et al., 2012a
- Not checked yetcites Sauer et al., 2012
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“genetic variation in the OT system has been implicated in several of the disease states where OT has shown the most therapeutic promise: schizophrenia (Teltsh et al., 2011; Montag et al., 2012) and autism (Ebstein et al., 2012).”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations in OTR and CD38
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teltsh et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Montag et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Ebstein et al., 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the paucity of clinical trials with IN OT, the suggestion that the above factors may be moderators of clinical response to IN OT should be viewed with circumspection.”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: No published studies have examined the role of genetic variation in the oxytocin system to a psychiatrically ill person's clinical response to oxytocin.
- Rests on an assumption: Evidence that early experience impacts oxytocin response in clinical populations is sparse.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“aversive early attachment experiences and attachment style impact stress systems, CSF, and plasma OT levels (Heim et al., 2009; Strathearn et al., 2009, 2012; Bertsch et al., 2012; Weisman et al., 2012a) as well as later response to IN OT”
§ Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin > Early Experience, Epigenetics, and Neuroplasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Strathearn et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Huffmeijer et al., 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No published studies have examined the role of genetic variation in the oxytocin system to a psychiatrically ill person's clinical response to oxytocin.
“Though no published studies have examined the role of genetic variation in the OT system to a psychiatrically ill person’s clinical response to OT”
The paper relies on this without support.
Evidence that early experience impacts oxytocin response in clinical populations is sparse.
“To date, in keeping with the general trend noted throughout this and the accompanying larger review (MacDonald and Feifel, this issue) the evidence that early experience impacts OT response in clinical populations is sparse.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“because sex-based differences in responses to oxytocin administration have been reported (Table 1, Figure 1).2, 38”
From Oxytocin efficacy is modulated by dosage and oxytocin receptor genotype in young adults with high-functioning autism: a 24-week randomized clinical trial (2016) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“We conducted intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses including all participants, and subgroup analyses in only male participants with good adherence (>50%) because sex-based differences in responses to oxytocin administration have been reported (Table 1, Figure 1).2, 38”
From Oxytocin efficacy is modulated by dosage and oxytocin receptor genotype in young adults with high-functioning autism: a 24-week randomized clinical trial (2016) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“Measuring trust with a single decision (rather than averaging several consecutive decisions) has the advantage that it prevents hedge betting and may thus encourage intuitive thinking, which is the decision making type OT is most likely to influence, 7,47 rather than complicated deliberation.”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as [47]
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Oxytocin genetic pathway (CD38) and SDQ psychosocial characteristics in adolescent schoolchildren
Tereshchenko, S. Y., Azanova, A. V., Валерьевна, Ш. М., & Gorbacheva, N. (2022) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2022122111117
Investigation of whether oxytocin and trust play a role in placebo effects of marketing actionsPreprint
Schelski, D. S., Scheele, D., Schmidt, L., Hurlemann, R., Weber, B., & Plaßmann, H. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518177
Nogueira-Vale, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59038-2_4
Updated Freudian drive theory: childhood trauma, epigenetics, serotonin and beta endorphin
Kirsch, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1827617
Metadata
- Authors
- MacDonald, K. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacDonald, Kai S.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 194-194
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- 1662-4548
- PMC
- PMC3541513
- OpenAlex
- W2134862200
- Semantic Scholar
- ad3697e908167c192241d32b8a01114f0f6fff84
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 30.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- oxytocin, intranasal oxytocin, oxytocin receptor, sex differences, hormonal status, genetic variation, attachment history, individual differences in treatment response, human development
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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