Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism

De Dreu, Carsten K. W.; Greer, Lindred L.; Van Kleef, Gerben A.; Shalvi, Shaul; Handgraaf, Michel J. J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1015316108

Cited by 838Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorSocial and Intergroup PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism

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De Dreu, Carsten K. W., Greer, Lindred L., Van Kleef, Gerben A., Shalvi, Shaul, Handgraaf, Michel J. J.·2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1015316108PMC PMC3029708

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Abstract

Human ethnocentrism—the tendency to view one's group as centrally important and superior to other groups—creates intergroup bias that fuels prejudice, xenophobia, and intergroup violence. Grounded in the idea that ethnocentrism also facilitates within-group trust, cooperation, and coordination, we conjecture that ethnocentrism may be modulated by brain oxytocin, a peptide shown to promote cooperation among in-group members. In double-blind, placebo-controlled designs, males self-administered oxytocin or placebo and privately performed computer-guided tasks to gauge different manifestations of ethnocentric in-group favoritism as well as out-group derogation. Experiments 1 and 2 used the Implicit Association Test to assess in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. Experiment 3 used the infrahumanization task to assess the extent to which humans ascribe secondary, uniquely human emotions to their in-group and to an out-group. Experiments 4 and 5 confronted participants with the option to save the life of a larger collective by sacrificing one individual, nominated as in-group or as out-group. Results show that oxytocin creates intergroup bias because oxytocin motivates in-group favoritism and, to a lesser extent, out-group derogation. These findings call into question the view of oxytocin as an indiscriminate “love drug” or “cuddle chemical” and suggest that oxytocin has a role in the emergence of intergroup conflict and violence.

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Previous studies showed that unextinguished emotional experiences create an ongoing need to share them.
“Previous studies(14) showed that unextinguished emotional experiences elicit an ongoing need to be shared)”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
OT administration promotes motivation to sacrifice outgroup targets and facilitates within-group coordination for successful outgroup attack during economic games.
“OT administration also promotes motivation to sacrifice outgroup targets (De Dreu et al., 2011) and facilitates within-group coordination for successful outgroup attack during economic games (Zhang et al., 2019).”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as De Dreu et al., 2011
The context of intergroup conflict may shift the key function of the oxytocinergic system from mediating ingroup love to facilitating outgroup hate.
“Although previous studies have demonstrated the role of OT and mPFC activity in altruistic decisions favoring the ingroup (De Dreu et al., 2010; Mathur et al., 2010; De Dreu et al., 2011), our results suggest that the context of intergroup conflict may shift the key function of the oxytocinergic system from mediating ingroup love (a desire to help the ingroup) to facilitating outgroup hate (an Agg”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as De Dreu et al., 2011
Intranasal oxytocin has been shown to improve altruism only for people perceived to be part of an individual's group, and not for people perceived to be part of an out-group.
“For example, intranasal oxytocin has been shown to improve altruism only for people perceived to be part of an individual's group, and not for people perceived to be part of an out-group (De Dreu et al., 2010; De Dreu et al., 2011).”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as De Dreu et al., 2011
Oxytocin not only motivates in-group favoritism, but also has a role in the emergence of intergroup conflict and violence.
“It has been reported that oxytocin not only motivates in-group favoritism, but also has a role in the emergence of intergroup conflict and violence 40 .”
From Ucn3 and CRF-R2 in the medial amygdala regulate complex social dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [40]

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Oxytocin facilitates protective responses to aversive social stimuli in males
Striepens, N., Scheele, D., Kendrick, K. M., Becker, B., Schäfer, L., Schwalba, K., Reul, J., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208852109 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“This prosocial perspective on OXT is challenged, however, by evidence that OXT also enhances envy and schadenfreude (gloating) (16), ethno-centrism (including prejudice, xenophobia, and racial bias) (4), and outgroup derogation (17).”
Background
Clinical and neural effects of six-week administration of oxytocin on core symptoms of autism
Watanabe, T., Kuroda, M., Kuwabara, H., Aoki, Y., Iwashiro, N., Tatsunobu, N., Takao, H., Nippashi, Y., Kawakubo, Y., Kunimatsu, A., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv249 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures
BOHM, R. M., Rusch, H., & Baron, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.020 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Oxytocin promotes group-serving dishonesty
Shalvi, S., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1400724111 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Apparently, oxytocin boosts group-serving behavior, rather than adherence to general moral codes, a conclusion that fits work showing that oxytocin sustains and enables social bonding as well as trust and cooperation, especially toward those belonging to one’s own group (33).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Oxytocin promotes social bonding in dogs
Romero, T., Nagasawa, M., Mogi, K., Hasegawa, T., & Kikusui, T. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1322868111 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Understanding Polarization: Meanings, Measures, and Model Evaluation
Bramson, A., Grim, P., Singer, D. J., Berger, W. J., Sack, G., Fisher, S., Flocken, C., & Holman, B. (2017) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/688938 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“That such a mechanism alone can produce divergence does accord with some recent empirical research that indicates that in-group members can be drawn together without any demonstrable psychological out-group repulsion (Bicchieri 2006; Dreu et al. 2010, 2011).”
Result
The Evolution and Social Dynamics of Compassion
Gilbert, P. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12176 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Synchrony as an Adaptive Mechanism for Large‐Scale Human Social Bonding
Launay, J., Tarr, B., & Dunbar, R. (2016) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12528 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“More recently, the administration of oxytocin in humans has been shown to have positive effects towards both one’s own in-group (e.g. De Dreu et al. 2011) and out-groups (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2013), with individual differences predicting some of this variability in behaviour (Ma et al. 2015) This…”
Deconstructing sociality, social evolution and relevant nonapeptide functions
Goodson, J. L. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.005 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“…behavior is challenged by an increasingly large number of studies (Ferris and Delville, 1994; Thompson and Walton, 2004; Thompson et al., 2006; De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; Bartz et al., 2011a,b), as summarized in Section 1, and it is quite clear that the relationships between nonapeptides and…”
Background
Empathy, Justice, and Moral Behavior
Jean Decety, A., & Cowell, J. M. (2015) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2015.1047055 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“These findings provide evidence for the idea that neurobiological mechanisms in general, and oxytocinergic systems in particular, evolved to sustain and facilitate within-group coordination and cooperation (De Dreu et al. 2011).”
Background
From Group Identity to Political Cohesion and Commitment
Huddy, L. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0023 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Moral Enhancement, Freedom, and the God Machine
Savulescu, J., & Persson, I. (2012) · The Monist · doi:10.5840/monist201295321 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“This research may lead to pharmacological interventions to improve empathy, cooperation and trust (e.g. De Dreu et al. 2011).”
Background
Brain oxytocin: how puzzle stones from animal studies translate into psychiatry
Grinevich, V., & Neumann, I. D. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0802-9 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“[147], and even xenophobia [148, 149] often accompanied by altered neuronal activity [150].”
Background
Oxytocin enhances inter-brain synchrony during social coordination in male adults
Mu, Y., Guo, C., & Han, S. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw106 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Connecting prosocial behavior to improved physical health: Contributions from the neurobiology of parenting
Brown, S. L., & Brown, R. M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.004 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Helping oxytocin deliver: considerations in the development of oxytocin-based therapeutics for brain disorders
MacDonald, K., & Feifel, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00035 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Oxytocin, testosterone, and human social cognition
Crespi, B. J. (2015) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12175 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“…& MacDonald, 2010) were soon supplanted by findings that intranasal oxytocin administration can produce ‘antisocial’ effects in some contexts, such as elicitation of ethnocentrism (De Dreu et al., 2011; Sheng et al., 2013), or increased dishonesty towards outgroup members (Shalvi & De Dreu, 2014).”
Background
Making room for oxytocin in understanding depression
McQuaid, R. J., McInnis, O. A., Abizaid, A. B., & Anisman, H. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.005 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor density is associated with male mating tactics and social monogamy
Ophir, A. G., Gessel, A., Zheng, D.-J., & Phelps, S. M. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.007 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“…in humans goes beyond trust; it facilitates recognition of faces (Rimmele et al., 2009; Savaskan et al., 2008), in-group social cohesion (De Dreu et al., 2011), and preemptive punishment toward outgroups (De Dreu et al., 2010), suggesting that it may influence a form of selective…”
A paradoxical association of an oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism: early-life adversity and vulnerability to depression
McQuaid, R. J., McInnis, O. A., Stead, J. D. H., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00128 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 23 July 2013 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00128”
BackgroundInfluential
In touch with your emotions: Oxytocin and touch change social impressions while others’ facial expressions can alter touch
Ellingsen, D.-M., Wessberg, J., Chelnokova, O., Olausson, H., Laeng, B., & Leknes, S. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.017 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…members (Declerck et al., 2010; Van IJzendoorn and Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012), but may be non-effective (Van IJzendoorn and Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012), or even reduce trust toward out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2011), especially when these are perceived as threatening (De Dreu et al., 2010).”
The Herding Hormone
Stallen, M., Dreu, C. K. W. D., Shalvi, S., Smidts, A., & Sanfey, A. G. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612446026 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…bias under oxytocin may be that this neuropeptide stimulates conformity to in-group members by enhancing in-group identification processes (De Dreu et al., 2011); previous work has shown that the perception of shared group membership is both essential and sufficient to establish in-group…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Microbial lysate upregulates host oxytocin
Varian, B. J., Poutahidis, T., DiBenedictis, B. T., Levkovich, T., Ibrahim, Y., Didyk, E., Shikhman, L., Cheung, H. K., Hardas, A., Ricciardi, C. E., et al. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.002 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript competitors (De Dreu et al., 2011).”
Do delivery routes of intranasally administered oxytocin account for observed effects on social cognition and behavior? A two-level model
Quintana, D. S., Alvares, G. A., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.011 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Integrative Approaches Utilizing Oxytocin to Enhance Prosocial Behavior: From Animal and Human Social Behavior to Autistic Social Dysfunction
Yamasue, H., Yee, J. R., Hurlemann, R., Rilling, J. K., Chen, F. S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Tost, H. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3327-12.2012 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“…effects on human social cognition and behavior in showing that the peptide can also promote envy and gloating (schadenfreude) (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), ethnocentrism (including prejudice, xenophobia, and racial bias) (De Dreu et al., 2011), and outgroup derogation (De Dreu et al., 2010).”
Background
Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias
Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S., Savulescu, J., Cowen, P. J., & Hewstone, M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2657-5 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Recently, De Dreu et al (2011) reported that in-group favouritism was increased by oxytocin, a peptide hormone that has been implicated in trust, cooperation, and positive emotions.”
BackgroundMethod
We are human, they are not: Driving forces behind outgroup dehumanisation and the humanisation of the ingroup
Vaes, J., Leyens, J., Paladino, M. P., & de Miranda, M. P. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2012.665250 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that promotes trust, empathy, and cooperation, but according to De Dreu et al. (2011) only among individuals belonging to one’s ingroup.”
Background
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on 'compassion focused imagery'
Rockliff, H., Karl, A., McEwan, K., Gilbert, J., Matos, M., & Gilbert, P. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023861 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Oxytocin׳s role in anxiety: A critical appraisal
MacDonald, K., & Feifel, D. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.025 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The Social Neuroscience of Prejudice
Amodio, D. M., & Cikara, M. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050928 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“However, we would be remiss if we did not note the large related literature examining the role of oxytocin in ethnocentrism (De Dreu et al. 2011), ingroup defense (De Dreu et al. 2010), and even outgroup attack (Zhang et al. 2019), indicating oxytocin’s nuanced and complex influence on intergroup…”
Background
Oxytocin and psychotherapy: a pilot study of its physiological, behavioral and subjective effects in males with depression
MacDonald, K., MacDonald, T. M., Brüne, M., Lamb, K., Wilson, M. P., Golshan, S., & Feifel, D. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.014 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…communication behavior (Ditzen et al., 2009), though we also note that a growing literature on OTs darker, ‘‘us vs. them’’side (Bartz et al., 2011a; De Dreu et al., 2011; Grillon et al., 2012; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) introduces the possibility for person- and context-dependent negative…”
Background
Oxytocin and the Neurobiology of Prosocial Behavior
Marsh, N., Marsh, A. A., Lee, M. R., & Hurlemann, R. (2020) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858420960111 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Oxytocin modulates the racial Bias in neural responses to others' suffering
Sheng, F., Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, W., & Han, S. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.11.018 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Oxytocin and vasopressin in rodent behaviors related to social dysfunctions in autism spectrum disorders
Lukas, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.011 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships
Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.013 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Such a mechanism could help to explain why OXT promotes parochial altruism and ethnocentrism (125,126) and it may also account for the surprising observation that a pharmacologic augmentation of a first individual psychotherapy session via OXT caused more rather than less anxiety over the course of the session in pati…”
Background
Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory
Lane, A., Luminet, O., Nave, G., & Mikolajczak, M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12384 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Oxytocin facilitates accurate perception of competition in men and kinship in women
Fischer-Shofty, M., Levkovitz, Y., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr100 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Human Identity and the Evolution of Societies
Moffett, M. (2013) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-013-9170-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Ingroup favoritism and defense appear to have a neurobiological basis, being enhanced by the neuropeptide oxytocin, which promotes trust by dampening amygdala activity and up-regulates circuitries involved in empathy (De Dreu 2011; De Dreu et al. 2010, 2011).”
BackgroundResult
On the deep structure of social affect: Attitudes, emotions, sentiments, and the case of “contempt”
Gervais, M. M., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x16000352 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Oxytocin blunts social vigilance in the rhesus macaque
Ebitz, R. B., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305230110 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“For example, OT promotes positive implicit associations with in-group members, but has mixed effects on associations with out-group members (7).”
Background
Long-term exposure to intranasal oxytocin in a mouse autism model
Bales, K. L., Solomon, M., Jacob, S., Crawley, J. N., Silverman, J. L., Larke, R. H., Sahagún, E., Puhger, K. R., Pride, M. C., & Mendoza, S. P. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.117 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Oxytocin and Social Adaptation: Insights from Neuroimaging Studies of Healthy and Clinical Populations
Ma, Y., Shamay-Tsoory, S., Han, S., & Zink, C. F. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.009 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“For example, IN-OT promotes in-group favoritism [111,112] and cooperation [28,111], but increases out-group derogation [112] and defensive aggression [111].”
Background
Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients
van Zuiden, M., Frijling, J. L., Nawijn, L., Koch, S. B. J., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.11.012 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
An experimental and theoretical study
Jamali, A. A., Witzigmann, B., Morarescu, R., Baumert, T., Trager, F. N., & Hubenthal, F. (2013) · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The effects of oxytocin on social cognition and behaviour in frontotemporal dementia
Jesso, S., Morlog, D., Ross, S., Pell, M. D., Pasternak, S., Mitchell, D. G. V., KERTESZ, A. E., & Finger, E. C. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr171 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“In healthy humans, oxytocin enhances in-group measures of trust, love and favouritism but increases negative opinions and fear of the out-group (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011).”
Background
Ontogenesis of oxytocin pathways in the mammalian brain: late maturation and psychosocial disorders
Grinevich, V., Desarménien, M. G., Chini, B., Tauber, M., & Muscatelli, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00164 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“REVIEW ARTICLE published: 20 January 2015 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00164 Ontogenesis of oxytocin pathways in the mammalian brain: late maturation and psychosocial disorders”
BackgroundInfluential
Giving peace a chance: oxytocin increases empathy to pain in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Abu-Akel, A., Palgi, S., Sulieman, R., Fischer-Shofty, M., Levkovitz, Y., & Decety, J. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.015 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“This view is based on research documenting its role in regulating parochial altruism (De Dreu et al., 2010) and promoting ethnocentrism (De Dreu et al., 2011).”
Background
Why implicit attitudes are (probably) not beliefs
Madva, A. (2015) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0874-2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Implicit biases increase after taking oxytocin (De Dreu et al. 2011) and decrease after taking beta blockers (Terbeck et al. 2012).”
Background
Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases human aggressive behavior
Ne'eman, R., Perach-Barzilay, N., Fischer-Shofty, M., Atias, A., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.01.015 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“For example, oxytocin was found to increase envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), decrease trust and the tendency to cooperate in individuals with borderline personality disorder (Bartz et al., 2011), and facilitate outgroup derogation (De Dreu et al, 2011).”
Background
The oxytocin paradox
Bethlehem, R. A. I., Baron-Cohen, S., van Honk, J., Auyeung, B., & Bos, P. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00048 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“For example, OXT has also been shown to increase envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), defensiveness toward out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011) and increased in-group conformity (Stallen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Oxytocin in the socioemotional brain: implications for psychiatric disorders
Kirsch, P. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/pkirsch · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin
MacDonald, K. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00194 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…Honk and Schutter, 2007; Zak et al., 2009; Bos et al., 2010), though more recent conceptualizations of the parochial, “us vs. them” aspect of OT make this picture more complex, and evidence OT’s “darker” side (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011, 2012; Declerck et al., 2010).”
Background
Oxytocin modulates the link between adult attachment and cooperation through reduced betrayal aversion
De Dreu, C. K. W. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…oxytocin makes people less aversive of angry faces (Evans et al., 2010), more likely to accept allies displaying high — rather than low threat (De Dreu et al., 2011b), it de-activates neural circuitries associated with betrayal aversion (Baumgartner et al., 2008), increases perceived facial…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Eyes as Windows Into Other Minds
Großmann, T. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616654457 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The myth of martyrdom: what really drives suicide bombers, rampage shooters, and other self-destructive killers
Lankford, A. (2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-2152 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Opposing effects of oxytocin on moral judgment in males and females
Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Kendrick, K. M., Schwering, C., Noelle, J., Wille, A., Schlaepfer, T. E., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22605 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Moral brain: a multidisciplinary perspective
Decety, J., & Wheatley, T. (2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.192126 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Complementary neural circuits for divergent effects of oxytocin: social approach versus social anxiety
Steinman, M. Q., Duque-Wilckens, N., & Trainor, B. C. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.10.008 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Think Leader, Think White? Capturing and Weakening an Implicit Pro-White Leadership Bias
Gündemir, S., Homan, A., Dreu, C. D. D., & van Vugt, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083915 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“, Ayoub, Hamza, Bilal]) as the stimuli for the two target-concept categories (also see [61]).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Neurobiological mechanisms of responding to injustice
Stallen, M., Rossi, F., Heijne, A., Smidts, A., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Sanfey, A. G. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1242-17.2018 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“This timing conforms to other studies showing that effects of oxytocin are present between 30 and 60 min after intranasal administration (Baumgartner et al., 2008; De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; Stallen et al., 2012).”
Method
Stress-Induced Elevation of Oxytocin in Maltreated Children: Evolution, Neurodevelopment, and Social Behavior
Seltzer, L. J., Ziegler, T. E., Connolly, M. J., Prososki, A. R., & Pollak, S. D. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12136 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Ucn3 and CRF-R2 in the medial amygdala regulate complex social dynamics
Shemesh, Y., Forkosh, O., Mahn, M., Anpilov, S., Sztainberg, Y., Manashirov, S., Shlapobersky, T., Elliott, E., Tabouy, L., Ezra, G., et al. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4346 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality
Cardoso, C., Ellenbogen, M. A., & Linnen, A.-M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2527-6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“One advantage of this proposal is that it can explain why there are putative negative behavioral effects of oxytocin (Bartz et al. 2010b; De Dreu et al. 2010, 2011; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009).”
Background
Our Robots, Our Team: Robot Anthropomorphism Moderates Group Effects in Human–Robot Teams
Fraune, M. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
When the Love Hormone Leads to Violence: Oxytocin Increases Intimate Partner Violence Inclinations Among High Trait Aggressive People
DeWall, C. N., Gillath, O., Pressman, S. D., Black, L. L., Bartz, J. A., Moskovitz, J., & Stetler, D. A. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613516876 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The effect of oxytocin on cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma depends on the social context and a person's social value orientation
Declerck, C. H., Boone, C., & Kiyonari, T. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst040 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hormonal Mechanisms for Regulation of Aggression in Human Coalitions
Flinn, M. V., Ponzi, D., & Muehlenbein, M. P. (2012) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9135-y · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…et al. 2010; Kosfeld et al. 2005; Zak et al. 2005), others suggest that oxytocin motivates affiliative behavior toward specific in-group targets (de Dreu et al. 2010, 2011; Ditzen et al. 2009; Miller 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009; Theodoridou et al. 2009) consistent with discriminative nepotism…”
Background
Neural substrates underlying the effects of oxytocin: a quantitative meta-analysis of pharmaco-imaging studies
Wang, D., Yan, X., Li, M., & Ma, Y. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx085 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“IN-OT has been reliably shown to improve facial emotional recognition (e.g. Guastella et al., 2008; Marsh et al., 2010; Domes et al., 2014) and to promote in-group cooperation (e.g. De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; De Dreu, 2012; Ma et al., 2015a).”
Background
Acute and repeated intranasal oxytocin administration exerts anti-aggressive and pro-affiliative effects in male rats
Calcagnoli, F., Kreutzmann, J. C., de Boer, S. F., Althaus, M., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.019 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Antiaggressive activity of central oxytocin in male rats
Calcagnoli, F., de Boer, S. F., Althaus, M., den Boer, J. A., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3124-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Voluntary moral enhancement and the survival-at-any-cost bias
Rakić, V. (2013) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100700 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Centripetal and centrifugal forces in the moral circle: Competing constraints on moral learning
Graham, J., Waytz, A. G., Meindl, P., Iyer, R., & Young, L. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.001 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Effects of a Common Variant in the CD38 Gene on Social Processing in an Oxytocin Challenge Study: Possible Links to Autism
Sauer, C., Montag, C., Wörner, C., Kirsch, P., & Reuter, M. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.333 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Authors: De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer, L. L., Van Kleef, G. A., Shalvi, S., & Handgraaf, M. J. J.
Affiliations: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
University of Amsterdam (NL)
ORCID: Greer, Lindred L.
Shalvi, Shaul
Handgraaf, Michel J. J.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2011-01-10
Volume: 108
Issue: 4
Pages: 1262-1266
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015316108
PMC: PMC3029708
OpenAlex: W2155020127
Cited by: 838
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 87.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: oxytocin, ethnocentrism, intergroup bias, in-group favoritism, outgroup derogation, prejudice, xenophobia, infrahumanization
MeSH terms: Choice Behavior, Cooperative Behavior, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Social Behavior

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Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism

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