The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Traumatic brain injury extending to the striatum alters autonomic thermoregulation and hypothalamic monoamines in recovering rats
Abstract
The brain cortex is the structure that is typically injured in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is anatomically connected with other brain regions, including the striatum and hypothalamus, which are associated in part with motor function and the regulation of body temperature, respectively. We investigated whether a TBI extending to the striatum could affect peripheral and core temperatures as an indicator of autonomic thermoregulatory function. Moreover, it is unknown whether thermal modulation is accompanied by hypothalamic and cortical monoamine changes in rats with motor function recovery. The animals were allocated into three groups: the sham group (sham), a TBI group with a cortical contusion alone (TBI alone), and a TBI group with an injury extending to the dorsal striatum (TBI + striatal injury). Body temperature and motor deficits were evaluated for 20 days post-injury. On the 3rd and 20th days, rats were euthanized to measure the serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) levels using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We observed that TBI with an injury extending to the dorsal striatum increased core and peripheral temperatures. These changes were accompanied by a sustained motor deficit lasting for 14 days. Furthermore, there were notable increases in NA and 5-HT levels in the brain cortex and hypothalamus both 3 and 20 days after injury. In contrast, rats with TBI alone showed no changes in peripheral temperatures and achieved motor function recovery by the 7th day post-injury. In conclusion, our results suggest that TBI with an injury extending to the dorsal striatum elevates both core and peripheral temperatures, causing a delay in functional recovery and increasing hypothalamic monoamine levels. The aftereffects can be attributed to the injury site and changes to the autonomic thermoregulatory functions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The hypothalamus, which serves as the body's primary thermoregulatory center, is vulnerable to diffuse axonal injury and hypoxic-ischemic damage associated with TBI [4,5].”
From Recurrent Severe Hypothermia as a Manifestation of Central Thermoregulatory Dysfunction in a Patient With Cerebral Palsy and Shaken Baby Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury in the rat
Edward Dixon, C., Clifton, G. L., Lighthall, J. W., Yaghmai, A. A., & Hayes, R. L. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(91)90104-8 · Cited by 1,141
Thermoregulation: some concepts have changed. Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system
Romanovsky, A. A. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00668.2006 · Cited by 786
Organization of the Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System
Schwarz, L. A., & Luo, L. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.039 · Cited by 578
The striatum: where skills and habits meet
Graybiel, A. M., & Grafton, S. T. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021691 · Cited by 463 · cited 1×
“The striatum receives afferent input from the cerebral cortex, including the areas associated with cognitive functions, sensory processing, and motor commands (Graybiel and Grafton, 2015; Bolam and Ellender, 2016; Grillner and Robertson, 2016; Haber, 2016).”
BackgroundSaper, C. B., & Lowell, B. B. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.023 · Cited by 423
Heterogeneous organization of the locus coeruleus projections to prefrontal and motor cortices
Chandler, D. J., Gao, W.-J., & Waterhouse, B. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1320827111 · Cited by 341
Niven, D. J., Gaudet, J. E., Laupland, K. B., Mrklas, K. J., Roberts, D. J., & Stelfox, H. T. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-1150 · Cited by 240
Core Temperature Measurement—Principles of Correct Measurement, Problems, and Complications
Hymczak, H., Gołąb, A., Mendrala, K., Plicner, D., Darocha, T., Podsiadło, P., Hudziak, D., Gocoł, R., & Kosiński, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010606 · Cited by 161
Waselus, M., Valentino, R. J., & Van Bockstaele, E. J. (2011) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.011 · Cited by 142
Research works printed but not linked: 99
- Adèr, 1980, Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism, J. Neural Transm., 49, 207, 10.1007/BF01252126 · DOI
- Albin, 1989, The functional-anatomy of basal ganglia disorders, Trends Neurosci., 12, 366, 10.1016/0166-2236(89)90074-X · DOI · Paper page
- Atkins, 2017, Is temperature an important variable in recovery after mild traumatic brain injury?, F1000Res, 6, 2031, 10.12688/f1000research.12025.1 · DOI
- Avila-Luna, 2018, Dopamine D1 receptor activation maintains motor coordination in injured rats but does not accelerate the recovery of the motor coordination deficit, Behav. Brain Res., 336, 145, 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.026 · DOI
- Avila-Luna, 2016, Effects of dopamine D-1 receptor activation and blockade on dopamine and noradrenaline levels in the rat brain, Neurosci. Lett., 612, 116, 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.040 · DOI
- Bao, 2021, Iatrogenic hypothalamus injury after resection of Subependymoma within the left brain ventricle, Cureus, 13, e13044, 10.7759/cureus.13044 · DOI
- Björklund, 2007, Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update, Trends Neurosci., 30, 194, 10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.006 · DOI · Paper page
- Bolam, 2016, Histamine and the striatum, Neuropharmacology, 106, 74, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.013 · DOI
- Boulant, 2006, Neuronal basis of Hammel's model for set-point thermoregulation, J. Appl. Physiol., 100, 1347, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2005 · DOI
- Boursin, 2018, Semantics, epidemiology and semiology of stroke, Soins, 63, 24, 10.1016/j.soin.2018.06.008 · DOI
- Boyeson, 1992, Cerebellar norepinephrine infusions facilitate recovery after sensorimotor cortex injury, Brain Res. Bull., 29, 435, 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90080-H · DOI
- Brailowsky, 1986, Gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced potentiation of cortical hemiplegia, Brain Res., 362, 322, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90457-9 · DOI
- Bricknell, 1997, An evaluation of infra-red tympanic thermometry for thermal physiology research, J. R. Army Med. Corps, 143, 149, 10.1136/jramc-143-03-04 · DOI
- Bueno-Nava, 2010, Recovery of motor deficit, cerebellar serotonin and lipid peroxidation levels in the cortex of injured rats, Neurochem. Res., 35, 1538, 10.1007/s11064-010-0213-4 · DOI
- Bueno-Nava, 2008, Reversal of noradrenergic depletion and lipid peroxidation in the pons after brain injury correlates with motor function recovery in rats, Neurosci. Lett., 443, 32, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.046 · DOI
- Carr, 2013, Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Evolving Theories of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia, Neurol. Res. Int., 2013, 506584, 10.1155/2013/506584 · DOI
- Childs, 2008, Human brain temperature: regulation, measurement and relationship with cerebral trauma: part 1, Br. J. Neurosurg., 22, 486, 10.1080/02688690802245541 · DOI
- Clark, 1986, Changes in body temperature after administration of adrenergic and serotonergic agents and related drugs including antidepressants: II, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 10, 153, 10.1016/0149-7634(86)90025-4 · DOI
- Coon, 2018, Chapter 43—thermoregulation in Parkinson disease, 715
- Cooper, 2002, Some historical perspectives on thermoregulation, J. Appl. Physiol., 92, 1717, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01051.2001 · DOI
- Cooper, 1976, The effect of noradrenaline, injected into the hypothalamus, on thermoregulation in the cat, J. Physiol., 261, 211, 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011554 · DOI
- Costa, 2006, Rapid alterations in corticostriatal ensemble coordination during acute dopamine-dependent motor dysfunction, Neuron, 52, 359, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.030 · DOI · Paper page
- Cox, 1980, A dopamine-5-hydroxytryptamine link in the hypothalamic pathways which mediate heat loss in the rat, J. Physiol., 303, 9, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013266 · DOI
- De Jonge, 2018, Fever worsens outcomes in animal models of ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur. Stroke J., 4, 29, 10.1177/2396987318776421 · DOI
- Dietrich, 2007, Hyperthermia and central nervous system injury, 201
- Ding, 2008, Corticostriatal and thalamostriatal synapses have distinctive properties, J. Neurosci., 28, 6483, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0435-08.2008 · DOI · Paper page
- Dougherty, 2020, Catecholaminergic axons in the neocortex of adult mice regrow following brain injury, Exp. Neurol., 323, 113089, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113089 · DOI
- El Bitar, 2014, Thermoregulatory vasomotor tone of the rat tail and paws in thermoneutral conditions and its impact on a behavioral model of acute pain, J. Neurophysiol., 112, 2185, 10.1152/jn.00721.2013 · DOI
- Fealey, 2013, Chapter 7—Interoception and autonomic nervous system reflexes thermoregulation, 79
- Feldberg, 1963, A new concept of temperature regulation by amines in the hypothalamus, Nature, 200, 1325, 10.1038/2001325a0 · DOI
- Feldman, 1966, Striatal connections and influences on somatosensory and photic projections to the hypothalamus, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 21, 249, 10.1016/0013-4694(66)90074-5 · DOI
- Franklin, 1993, The influence of thermoregulatory mechanisms on post-exercise hypotension in humans, J. Physiol., 470, 231, 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019856 · DOI
- Gaither, 2015, Environmental hyperthermia in prehospital patients with major traumatic brain injury, J. Emerg. Med., 49, 375, 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.01.038 · DOI
- Gálvez-Rosas, 2019, GABAergic imbalance is normalized by dopamine D1 receptor activation in the striatum contralateral to the cortical injury in motor deficit-recovered rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 236, 2211, 10.1007/s00213-019-05215-1 · DOI
- García-Díaz, 2023, Alpha2-adrenergic receptor activation reinstates motor deficits in rats recovering from cortical injury, Neural Regen. Res., 18, 875, 10.4103/1673-5374.353501 · DOI
- Geffroy, 2004, Severe traumatic head injury in adults: which patients are at risk of early hyperthermia?, Intensive Care Med., 30, 785, 10.1007/s00134-004-2280-y · DOI
- Giner, 2022, Traumatic brain injury in the new millennium: new population and new management, Neurologia, 37, 383, 10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.03.024 · DOI
- Gonzalez, 1986, Different roles of intrahypothalamic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems in thermoregulatory responses of the rat, Life Sci., 39, 707, 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90018-4 · DOI
- Gouma, 2012, A simple procedure for estimation of total body surface area and determination of a new value of Meeh's constant in rats, Lab Anim., 46, 40, 10.1258/la.2011.011021 · DOI
- Gowda, 2018, Thermoregulation in brain injury, 789
- Graybiel, 1979, Fiber connections of the basal ganglia, 239
- Grillner, 2016, The basal ganglia over 500 million years, Curr. Biol., 26, R1088, 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.041 · DOI · Paper page
- Guzik, 2017, Stroke epidemiology and risk factor management, Continuum, 23, 15, 10.1212/CON.0000000000000416 · DOI · Paper page
- Haarbauer-Krupa, 2021, Epidemiology of chronic effects of traumatic brain injury, J. Neurotrauma, 38, 3235, 10.1089/neu.2021.0062 · DOI · Paper page
- Haber, 2016, Corticostriatal circuitry, Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 18, 7, 10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/shaber · DOI · Paper page
- Harting, 2006, Oculomotor-related pathways of the basal ganglia, 441
- Heym, 1982, Serotonergic innervation of the lateral hypothalamus: evidence from synaptosomal uptake studies, Brain Res. Bull., 8, 131, 10.1016/0361-9230(82)90039-9 · DOI
- Hutson, 2011, Traumatic brain injury in adult rats causes progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell loss and enhanced vulnerability to the pesticide paraquat, J. Neurotrauma, 28, 1783, 10.1089/neu.2010.1723 · DOI
- Jenkins, 2018, Dopaminergic abnormalities following traumatic brain injury, Brain, 141, 797, 10.1093/brain/awx357 · DOI
- Jenkins, 2016, Catecholamines and cognition after traumatic brain injury, Brain, 139, 2345, 10.1093/brain/aww128 · DOI
- Kandel, 2013, Principles of neural science
- Kremkow, 2018, Thalamocortical circuits and functional architecture, Annual Rev Vis Sci, 4, 263, 10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034122 · DOI
- Krobert, 1994, Spontaneous and amphetamine-evoked release of cerebellar noradrenaline after sensorimotor cortex contusion: an in vivo microdialysis study in the awake rat, J. Neurochem., 62, 2233, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62062233.x · DOI
- Kullmann, 2021, Chapter 7—resting-state functional connectivity of the human hypothalamus, 113
- Laird-Hopkins, 2023, Thermoregulatory ability and mechanism do not differ consistently between neotropical and temperate butterflies, Glob. Chang. Biol., 29, 4180, 10.1111/gcb.16797 · DOI
- Lezama-García, 2022, Transient receptor potential (TRP) and thermoregulation in animals: structural biology and neurophysiological aspects, Animals, 12, 106, 10.3390/ani12010106 · DOI
- Liljeholm, 2012, Contributions of the striatum to learning, motivation, and performance: an associative account, Trends Cogn. Sci., 16, 467, 10.1016/j.tics.2012.07.007 · DOI · Paper page
- Lin, 1983, Serotonergic mechanisms in the hypothalamus mediate thermoregulatory responses in rats, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 322, 271, 10.1007/BF00508342 · DOI
- Mcgregor, 2019, Circuit mechanisms of Parkinson’s disease, Neuron, 101, 1042, 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.004 · DOI · Paper page
- Morrison, 2019, Central mechanisms for thermoregulation, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 81, 285, 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114546 · DOI · Paper page
- Mota-Rojas, 2021, Physiological and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation in mammals, Animals, 11, 1733, 10.3390/ani11061733 · DOI
- Mrozek, 2012, Brain temperature: physiology and pathophysiology after brain injury, Anesthesiol Res Pract, 2012, 1, 10.1155/2012/989487 · DOI
- Nakamura, 2018, Chapter 16—afferent pathways for autonomic and shivering thermoeffectors, 263
- 2001, Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio
- Nomoto, 2004, Role of afferent pathways of heat and cold in body temperature regulation, Int. J. Biometeorol., 49, 67, 10.1007/s00484-004-0220-8 · DOI
- Osier, 2016, The controlled cortical impact model of experimental brain trauma: overview, research applications, and protocol, 177, 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_11 · DOI
- Osier, 2016, The controlled cortical impact model: applications, considerations for researchers, and future directions, Front. Neurol., 7, 134, 10.3389/fneur.2016.00134 · DOI
- Paxinos, 2013, The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates
- Pegoli, 2020, Temperature management in acute brain injury: a systematic review of clinical evidence, Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg., 197, 106165, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106165 · DOI
- Rabinstein, 2007, Non-infectious fever in the neurological intensive care unit: incidence, causes and predictors, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 78, 1278, 10.1136/jnnp.2006.112730 · DOI
- Ramos-Languren, 2021, Glutamate, glutamine, GABA and oxidative products in the pons following cortical injury and their role in motor functional recovery, Neurochem. Res., 46, 3179, 10.1007/s11064-021-03417-8 · DOI
- Ramos-Languren, 2016, Sensorimotor intervention recovers noradrenaline content in the dentate gyrus of cortical injured rats, Neurochem. Res., 41, 3261, 10.1007/s11064-016-2054-2 · DOI
- Rand, 1965, The tail of the rat, in temperature regulation and acclimatization, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 43, 257, 10.1139/y65-025 · DOI
- Reppucci, 2016, Organization of connections between the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral hypothalamus: a single and double retrograde tracing study in rats, Brain Struct. Funct., 221, 2937, 10.1007/s00429-015-1081-0 · DOI
- Rincon, 2014, The epidemiology of spontaneous fever and hypothermia on admission of brain injury patients to intensive care units: a multicenter cohort study: clinical article, J. Neurosurg., 121, 950, 10.3171/2014.7.JNS132470 · DOI
- Risold, 1997, The structural organization of connections between hypothalamus and cerebral cortex1Published on the world wide web on 2 June 1997.1, Brain Res. Rev., 24, 197, 10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00007-6 · DOI · Paper page
- Robinson, 1980, Time course of changes in catecholamines following right hemispheric cerebral infarction in the rat, Brain Res., 181, 202, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91271-8 · DOI
- Rockland, 2019, Corticothalamic axon morphologies and network architecture, Eur. J. Neurosci., 49, 969, 10.1111/ejn.13910 · DOI
- Rossi, 2001, Brain temperature, body core temperature, and intracranial pressure in acute cerebral damage, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 71, 448, 10.1136/jnnp.71.4.448 · DOI · Paper page
- Saini, 2021, Global epidemiology of stroke and access to acute ischemic stroke interventions, Neurology, 97, S6, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012781 · DOI · Paper page
- Saper, 2000, Hypothalamic connections with the cerebral cortex, 39
- Shin, 2011, Traumatic brain injury reduces striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and potassium-evoked dopamine release in rats, Brain Res., 1369, 208, 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.096 · DOI
- Skok, 2021, Thermoregulation: a journey from physiology to computational models and the intensive care unit, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med., 13, e1513, 10.1002/wsbm.1513 · DOI
- Škop, 2020, The contribution of the mouse tail to thermoregulation is modest, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 319, E438, 10.1152/ajpendo.00133.2020 · DOI
- Surmeier, 2017, Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 18, 101, 10.1038/nrn.2016.178 · DOI · Paper page
- Svedung Wettervik, 2021, Systemic hyperthermia in traumatic brain injury—relation to intracranial pressure dynamics, cerebral energy metabolism, and clinical outcome, J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol., 33, 329, 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000695 · DOI
- Takada, 1986, Collateral projections from the substantia nigra to the cingulate cortex and striatum in the rat, Brain Res., 380, 331, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90230-1 · DOI
- Takahashi, 2015, Chapter 34—autonomic dysfunction syndromes after acute brain injury, 539
- Thompson, 2005, Development of posttraumatic hyperthermia after traumatic brain injury in rats is associated with increased periventricular inflammation, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 25, 163, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600008 · DOI
- Thompson, 2007, Intensive care unit management of fever following traumatic brain injury, Intensive Crit. Care Nurs., 23, 91, 10.1016/j.iccn.2006.11.005 · DOI
- Thompson, 2003, Hyperthermia following traumatic brain injury: a critical evaluation, Neurobiol. Dis., 12, 163, 10.1016/S0969-9961(02)00030-X · DOI
- Triggs, 1984, In vivo lipid-peroxidation in rat-brain following intracortical Fe-2+ injection, J. Neurochem., 42, 976, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12699.x · DOI
- Van Bockstaele, 1993, Topography of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that send axon collaterals to the rat prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, Brain Res., 624, 188, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90077-Z · DOI · Paper page
- Verduzco-Mendoza, Experimental applications and factors involved in validating thermal windows using infrared thermography to assess the health and Thermostability of laboratory animals, Animals, 11, 3448, 10.3390/ani11123448 · DOI
- Verduzco-Mendoza, Role of the dopaminergic system in the striatum and its association with functional recovery or rehabilitation after brain injury, Front. Neurosci., 15, 3404, 10.3389/fnins.2021.693404 · DOI
- Vitrac, 2017, Monoaminergic modulation of motor cortex function, Front Neural Circuits, 11, 72, 10.3389/fncir.2017.00072 · DOI
- Walter, 2016, The pathophysiological basis and consequences of fever, Crit. Care, 20, 200, 10.1186/s13054-016-1375-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Yahya, 2021, The basal ganglia corticostriatal loops and conditional learning, Rev. Neurosci., 32, 181, 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0047 · DOI
- Zakhary, 2017, Bromocriptine in central hyperthermia after severe traumatic brain injury, Open J Emerg Med, 5, 102, 10.4236/ojem.2017.53010 · DOI
Cited by
Allnutt, B., Petrasko, P., & Jacob, R. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.102330
Metadata
- Authors
- Verduzco-Mendoza, A., Mota-Rojas, D., Olmos Hernández, S. A., Gálvez-Rosas, A., Aguirre-Pérez, A., Cortes-Altamirano, J. L., Alfaro-Rodríguez, A., Parra-Cid, C., Avila-Luna, A., & Bueno-Nava, A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-12-07
- Volume
- 17
- ISSN
- 1662-453X
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 9
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.