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Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive and affective processes vary over the course of the 24 h day. Time of day dependent changes in human cognition are modulated by an internal circadian timekeeping system with a near-24 h period. The human circadian timekeeping system interacts with sleep-wakefulness regulatory processes to modulate brain arousal, neurocognitive and affective function. Brain arousal is regulated by ascending brain stem, basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamic arousal systems and inhibition or disruption of these systems reduces brain arousal, impairs cognition, and promotes sleep. The internal circadian timekeeping system modulates cognition and affective function by projections from the master circadian clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), to arousal and sleep systems and via clock gene oscillations in brain tissues. Understanding the basic principles of circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology can help to recognize how the circadian system modulates human cognition and influences learning, memory and emotion. Developmental changes in sleep and circadian processes and circadian misalignment in circadian rhythm sleep disorders have important implications for learning, memory and emotion. Overall, when wakefulness occurs at appropriate internal biological times, circadian clockwork benefits human cognitive and emotion function throughout the lifespan. Yet, when wakefulness occurs at inappropriate biological times because of environmental pressures (e.g., early school start times, long work hours that include work at night, shift work, jet lag) or because of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, the resulting misalignment between circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology leads to impaired cognitive performance, learning, emotion, and safety.
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“Highly controlled in‐laboratory forced‐desynchrony studies provide further evidence for this relationship, demonstrating that these cognitive functions undergo changes in circadian rhythm and decline as wakefulness is prolonged [29, 30].”
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“They are regulated by a balance of homeostatic drive for sleep, circadian rhythm mechanisms and a composite interaction of external and internal stimuli.(1,2)”
BackgroundDamasceno, B. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57267-9_13 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Sleep Quality on Response Inhibition.
Abbas, N. H., Bahia, B., Covacha, A., Hollett, D., Kaur, B., & Samson, D. R. (2020) · Cited by 1
Miller, M. A. (2018) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Fusilier, A. R., Davis, J. A., Paul, J. R., Yates, S. D., McMeekin, L. J., Goode, L. K., Mokashi, M. V., van Groen, T., Cowell, R. M., McMahon, L. L., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430852 · Cited by 1
“Tg-SwDI mice lack normal diurnal patterns in spatial working memory As previously mentioned, cognitive performance fluctuates across the day-night cycle, typically peaking during the time an animal is awake (Wright et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSoares, C. S., & de Almondes, K. M. (2015) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Guzmán, P., & Ligia, N. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Typ-1-Narkolepsie – die späte Diagnose
Boentert, M., YOUNG, P., & Jafarpour, A. (2015) · Schlaf · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1626143
“Aufmerksamkeit/Konzentration, Gedächtnis und Lernen (1).”
BackgroundInfluentialMidia, M., & Dao, D. (2016) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2016.04.010
Surgeon decision-making is consistent in trauma patients despite time of day and patient injury
O’Mara, M. S., Coffey, D., Spalding, M. C., Conklin, B., & Kuckelman, J. P. (2017) · International Journal of Academic Medicine · doi:10.4103/2455-5568.222475
“[14] In addition, a recent study on shift work in on‐call surgeons demonstrated that surgeons’ circadian rhythm is disrupted;[15] variations in this normal rhythm may be implicated in impaired cognitive function.[16] Another potential limitation of the study is the assumption that both the Grant Medical Center laparot…”
BackgroundAn Exploratory Study of Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients
Taylor, C. (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3sm2z
Circadian disruption causes deficits in attention and response inhibition in adult Long-Evans rats
Balachandran, R. C. (2018) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Insulin resistance and sleep apnea
Farooqui, A. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819603-8.00004-3
Flumzis: A DIY Robot that Improves Student Performance during Study Nights
Caballa, S., Cortazar, J.-C., Raez, R., & Sanchez, M. (2020) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3371382.3379454
“The consequences are: the ability of the brain decreases, physical-mental health is affected, stress increases [1], concepts cannot be memorized correctly and in the long term can trigger health problems such as anxiety, depression, narcolepsy, gastritis and attitude problems.”
BackgroundTime-of-day optimality effects on eyewitness memory performance
Yaremenko, S. (2020) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20200918sy
Pathophysiology, associations, and consequences of circadian rhythm sleep wake disorders
Crowley, S. K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00162-6 · Cited by 1
Stanewsky, R. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734222067.793556013
بناء وتطبيق مقياس جودة النوم لدى لاعبي الرياضات المختلفة
البديوي, ا. ف., Ghazy, M. F., بلضم, م. ز., غرابه, م. س., & الجمل, ا. م. (2022) · مجلة تطبیقات علوم الریاضة · doi:10.21608/jaar.2022.237200
Health Consequences of Circadian Disruption in Humans and Animal Models During Aging
Rizvi, S. I., & Majumdar, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6695-6_6
Meneo, D., Martoni, M., & Baglioni, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.4
Kanno, K., Hoshino, H., Mori, Y., Takahashi, Y., Suzutani, K., Shiga, T., Kakamu, T., Itagaki, S., Miura, I., & Yabe, H. (2025) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2025-0017
“Chronic circadian disruptions may impair cognitive function since cognitive processes are regulated by the endogenous circadian clock 9–11 ) .”
K, A. A., Samanta, B., & Bhattacherjee, A. (2026) · Mining Metallurgy & Exploration · doi:10.1007/s42461-025-01450-7
Domain-specific circadian rescue following sleep deprivation
Guo, B., Yan, K., Deng, Y., Zhao, W., Chen, X., Xue, C., Chai, Y., Quan, P., Goel, N., Basner, M., et al. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag054
“However, small but statistically signif icant phase differences were observed: KSS peaking approximately 0.83 to 1.46 h earlier than PVT and DSST, respectively, possibly ref lecting divergent regulation by alertness-linked systems like core body temperature [ 2, 87– 90].”
InfluentialLes effets du sommeil, du passage du temps et de l'activité sur l'apprentissage moteur
Truong, C. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7f7b52d0z6f50z49b4zbe28z59fcc37f6bb1
Disruption of circadian rhythms is associated with cognitive impairment during gestation
Li, S., Xu, J., Yue, H., Yin, J., Yuan, Y., Ni, S., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Liao, X., Tao, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70178
“40 In nocturnal rodents, most cognitive tasks show better performance during the night than during the day.”
Jaeger, C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20450-9_6
Metadata
- Authors
- Wright, K. P., Lowry, C. A., & LeBourgeois, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Kenneth P.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 1662-5099 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3328852
- OpenAlex
- W2073957337
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL085705, R01HL109706)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH074643, R01MH086566, R01MH086539)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, cognitive performance, brain arousal, suprachiasmatic nucleus, clock genes, circadian misalignment, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, learning and memory, emotions, shift work, jet lag
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