The DOI matches its Crossref record; 175 of the 178 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive and affective processes vary over the course of the 24 h day. Time of day dependent changes in human cognition are modulated by an internal circadian timekeeping system with a near-24 h period. The human circadian timekeeping system interacts with sleep-wakefulness regulatory processes to modulate brain arousal, neurocognitive and affective function. Brain arousal is regulated by ascending brain stem, basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamic arousal systems and inhibition or disruption of these systems reduces brain arousal, impairs cognition, and promotes sleep. The internal circadian timekeeping system modulates cognition and affective function by projections from the master circadian clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), to arousal and sleep systems and via clock gene oscillations in brain tissues. Understanding the basic principles of circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology can help to recognize how the circadian system modulates human cognition and influences learning, memory and emotion. Developmental changes in sleep and circadian processes and circadian misalignment in circadian rhythm sleep disorders have important implications for learning, memory and emotion. Overall, when wakefulness occurs at appropriate internal biological times, circadian clockwork benefits human cognitive and emotion function throughout the lifespan. Yet, when wakefulness occurs at inappropriate biological times because of environmental pressures (e.g., early school start times, long work hours that include work at night, shift work, jet lag) or because of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, the resulting misalignment between circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology leads to impaired cognitive performance, learning, emotion, and safety.
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“Highly controlled in‐laboratory forced‐desynchrony studies provide further evidence for this relationship, demonstrating that these cognitive functions undergo changes in circadian rhythm and decline as wakefulness is prolonged [29, 30].”
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The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity
de Lecea, L., Kilduff, T. S., Peyron, C., Gao, X.-B., Foye, P. E., Danielson, P. E., Fukuhara, C., Battenberg, E. L. F., Gautvik, V. T., Bartlett, F. S., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.322 · Cited by 3,878
Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems
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Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
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The basics of brain development
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BackgroundAn h Per2 Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
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Parkinson’s Disease as a Disorder of Spatial–Temporal Symmetry
Park, M. S., & Yoo, H. (2026) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym18050820
Love, J. J., Cook, J. D., Hagen, E. W., Rasmunon, A., Ravelo, L. A., Palta, M., Peppard, P. E., & Plante, D. T. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-026-00133-4
“…segregation between task-positive (dorsal attention, salience, sensorimotor) and task-negative (default mode) networks that result in sleep inertia [53, 54], more prolonged episodes could in theory be in part mediated by impaired monoaminergic neurotransmission upon or after awakening [55, 56].”
Barreira, L. M. C., Gapp, H., & Albrecht, A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.07.30.741717
“In humans, circadian misalignment (e.g., shij work or jet lag) impairs a?en8on, learning, and memory (Özdemir et al., 2013; Vandewalle et al., 2007; Wright et al., 2012).”
Souissi, M., Souissi, Y., Mansour, M., & Chtourou, H. (2026) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2026.2727493
Accelerometer-Derived Relative Amplitude and Midlife Cognition: A Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
Kim, M., Bonham, M., Yeh, F., Arredondo, M., Opsasnick, L. A., Curtis, L., Bailey, S. C., Benavente, J. Y., Ho, E., Chung, P. A., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.26361208
“42 Over longer periods, altered RARs may be related to metabolic, inflammatory, vascular, or neurodegenerative processes.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wright, K. P., Lowry, C. A., & LeBourgeois, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Kenneth P.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 1662-5099 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3328852
- OpenAlex
- W2073957337
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL085705, R01HL109706)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH074643, R01MH086566, R01MH086539)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, cognitive performance, brain arousal, suprachiasmatic nucleus, clock genes, circadian misalignment, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, learning and memory, emotions, shift work, jet lag
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