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Cited by 89Immune cells in cancerSarcoma Diagnosis and TreatmentCancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers

Macrophages in Osteosarcoma Immune Microenvironment: Implications for Immunotherapy

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Luo, Zhong-Wei, Liu, Pan-Pan, Wang, Zhen-Xing, Chen, Chun-Yuan, Xie, Hui·2020·Frontiers in Oncology
DOI 10.3389/fonc.2020.586580PMC PMC7758531
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Abstract

Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary bone tumor commonly occurring in children and adolescents. The treatment of local osteosarcoma is mainly based on surgical resection and chemotherapy, whereas the improvement of overall survival remains stagnant, especially in recurrent or metastatic cases. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors, and macrophages are among the most abundant immune cells in the TME. Due to their vital roles in tumor progression, macrophages have gained increasing attention as the new target of tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we present a brief overview of macrophages in the TME and highlight the clinical significance of macrophages and their roles in the initiation and progression of osteosarcoma. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic approaches targeting macrophage, which represent a promising strategy in osteosarcoma therapies.

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  • Increased levels of macrophages due to inflammation after surgical resection of the tumor result in increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ, which activate the immune system to promote an anti-tumor response.

    “Additionally, increased levels of macrophages, due to inflammation after surgical resection of the tumor, result in the increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which play a role in activating the body’s immune system to promote an anti-tumor response within the body [6].”

    From Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Immunomodulatory and Bone Regeneration Potential after Tumor Excision in Osteosarcoma Patients (2023) · cites this paper as [6]

    The “Inflammation Modulation” section links infection to increased macrophage infiltration, TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion, and an anti-tumor immune response. It separately reports an association between post-operative infection and improved survival. It does not establish that inflammation caused by surgical resection itself produces this cytokine-mediated response, and it describes the proposed mechanism cautiously. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The degree of infiltration of M2-type TAMs can serve as one of the biomarkers for judging the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients.

    “the degree of infiltration of M2-type TAMs can serve as one of the biomarkers for judging the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients [21].”

    From Advances on immunotherapy for osteosarcoma (2024) · cites this paper as [21]

    The ‘Relationship Between Macrophage Phenotypes and Clinical Prognosis’ section reports associations between M2 macrophage infiltration and survival in osteosarcoma patients, but the studies it summarizes disagree on the direction of the association. That section says M1/M2 markers require further validation before use, while the Conclusions propose a combination of markers rather than a single indicator. The paper therefore supports prognostic potential, not the unqualified claim that the degree of M2-type TAM infiltration can already serve as a prognostic biomarker. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • M2-type TAMs are typically associated with anti-inflammatory and tumor-promoting characteristics, and they participate in tumor angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune defense and regulation.

    “M2-type TAMs are typically associated with anti-inflammatory and tumor-promoting characteristics, and they participate in processes such as tumor angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune defense and regulation [21].”

    From Advances on immunotherapy for osteosarcoma (2024) · cites this paper as [21]

  • In the TME of osteosarcoma, M2-type TAMs are the main proportion and play a complex and crucial role.

    “In the TME of osteosarcoma, M2-type TAMs are the main proportion.and play a complex and crucial role.”

    From Advances on immunotherapy for osteosarcoma (2024) · cites this paper as [21]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Luo, Z.-W., Liu, P.-P., Wang, Z.-X., Chen, C.-Y., & Xie, H.
Affiliations
Central South University (CN)
Corresponding author
Xie, Hui
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Oncology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-12-10
Volume
10
Pages
586580-586580
ISSN
2234-943X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fonc.2020.586580
PMC
PMC7758531
OpenAlex
W3113350610
Cited by
89
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12
FWCI
1.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81670807, 81871822, 81702237, 81801395)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Sarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Keywords
osteosarcoma, tumor-associated macrophages, tumor microenvironment, cancer immunotherapy, macrophage-targeted therapy

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