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Cited by 1,474Immune cells in cancerCancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersCancer Cells and Metastasis

Macrophages and Therapeutic Resistance in Cancer

Open access
Ruffell, Brian, Coussens, Lisa M.·2015·Cancer Cell
DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.015PMC PMC4400235
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Abstract

How neoplastic cells respond to therapy is not solely dependent on the complexity of the genomic aberrations they harbor but is also regulated by numerous dynamic properties of the tumor microenvironment. Identifying and targeting critical pathways that improve therapeutic efficacy by bolstering anti-tumor immune responses holds great potential for improving outcomes and impacting long-term patient survival. Macrophages are key regulators of homeostatic tissue and tumor microenvironments. Therefore, therapeutics impacting macrophage presence and/or bioactivity have shown promise in preclinical models and are now being evaluated in the clinic. This review discusses the molecular/cellular pathways identified so far whereby macrophages mediate therapeutic responses.

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  • An increase of TAMs leads to poor prognosis of patients.

    “Studies have shown that the increase of TAMswill lead to poor prognosis of patients.40–42”

    From Individualized patient tumor organoids faithfully preserve human brain tumor ecosystems and predict patient response to therapy (2025) · cites this paper as [42]

    The Clinical Significance of Macrophages section reports that high densities of macrophage-marker-positive cells generally associate with poor clinical outcomes in many solid tumors. It describes an association, not evidence that increasing TAMs causes poor prognosis, and notes conflicting findings for some tumor types. No page number is provided in the supplied passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ruffell, B., & Coussens, L. M.
Affiliations
Oregon Health & Science University (US)
Corresponding author
Coussens, Lisa M.
ORCID
Venue
Cancer Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-04
Volume
27
Issue
4
Pages
462-472
ISSN
1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.015
PMC
PMC4400235
OpenAlex
W2026878412
Cited by
1,474
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 97 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 180 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 34
FWCI
9.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Defense
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Cancer Institute (U54CA163123, R00CA185325, R01CA155331)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
Keywords
tumor-associated macrophages, treatment resistance, tumor microenvironment, antitumor immunity, macrophage polarization, macrophage-targeted therapy, cancer immunotherapy
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunotherapy, Macrophages, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasms, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Models, Immunological, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Mice, Tumor Microenvironment

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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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