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Cited by 50Bacteriophages and microbial interactionsVirus-based gene therapy researchCancer Research and Treatments

The power of phages: revolutionizing cancer treatment

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Islam, Md. Sharifull, Fan, Jie, Pan, Fan·2023·Frontiers in Oncology
DOI 10.3389/fonc.2023.1290296PMC PMC10684691
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Abstract

Cancer is a devastating disease with a high global mortality rate and is projected to increase further in the coming years. Current treatment options, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, have limitations including side effects, variable effectiveness, high costs, and limited availability. There is a growing need for alternative treatments that can target cancer cells specifically with fewer side effects. Phages, that infect bacteria but not eukaryotic cells, have emerged as promising cancer therapeutics due to their unique properties, including specificity and ease of genetic modification. Engineered phages can transform cancer treatment by targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. Phages exhibit versatility as nanocarriers, capable of delivering therapeutic agents like gene therapy, immunotherapy, and vaccines. Phages are extensively used in vaccine development, with filamentous, tailed, and icosahedral phages explored for different antigen expression possibilities. Engineered filamentous phages bring benefits such as built in adjuvant properties, cost-effectiveness, versatility in multivalent formulations, feasibility of oral administration, and stability. Phage-based vaccines stimulate the innate immune system by engaging pattern recognition receptors on antigen-presenting cells, enhancing phage peptide antigen presentation to B-cells and T-cells. This review presents recent phage therapy advances and challenges in cancer therapy, exploring its versatile tools and vaccine potential.

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  • Phages can eliminate cancer-associated bacteria.

    “Phages can eliminate cancer-associated bacteria, remodel the tumor microenvironment, enhance antitumor immunity, and deliver targeted therapeutic payloads.”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Application of phage in cancer therapy section (page unavailable) says phages were used to treat bacterial infections related to cancer, and the Discussion says they may protect cancer patients against bacterial infections. These passages support targeting bacteria in cancer care, but do not establish that phages eliminate bacteria associated with cancer itself. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phages enable highly selective removal of cancer-associated bacteria within the gut or tumor niche, avoiding broad collateral damage to commensal communities associated with conventional antibiotics.

    “In parallel, phages enable highly selective removal of cancer-associated bacteria within the gut or tumor niche (Table 1), avoiding the broad collateral damage to commensal communities associated with conventional antibiotics [15,17,20,62,63]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) says phages bind particular bacterial receptors and lyse target bacteria, supporting selective bacterial removal in general. The References list studies of phage-guided gut or intestinal microbiota modulation in colorectal cancer, but the paper does not establish selective removal of cancer-associated bacteria in the gut or tumor niche, or say that this spares commensals compared with conventional antibiotics. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • By enhancing tumor antigen visibility and stimulating recruitment and activation of immune effector cells, phages can potentiate antitumor immune responses.

    “By enhancing tumor antigen visibility and stimulating the recruitment and activation of immune effector cells, phages can potentiate antitumor immune responses [15,77,78]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The 'Application of phage in cancer therapy' section says phages can display cancer antigens, deliver vaccines to antigen-presenting cells, and influence T-helper-cell activation and effector responses. The 'Vaccines based on phages' section likewise describes immune activation, but our copy does not say phages recruit immune effector cells or make tumor cells’ antigens more visible. Page numbers are unavailable in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Engineered phages can be designed to selectively target key tumor microenvironment components, including tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and the tumor vasculature.

    “Engineered phages can be designed to selectively target key TME components, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and the tumor vasculature (Box 3) [15,48–50]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The 'Application of phage in cancer therapy' section reports phage-library peptides selected for tumor blood vessels, supporting the vasculature part of the claim. The 'Bacteriophages in solid tumor theragnostics' section identifies CAFs and macrophages as components of the tumor microenvironment, but does not say engineered phages selectively target either cell type. The Discussion describes engineering phages to target cancer cells and penetrate the microenvironment, which is not the same as targeting those two components. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Advanced synthetic biology approaches enable incorporation of complex genetic circuits and therapeutic genes into phages.

    “Advanced synthetic biology approaches enable the incorporation of complex genetic circuits and therapeutic genes [15,76,87–89]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Discussion (page not provided) says phages can deliver therapeutic genes and are easy to manipulate. The gene-therapy section describes engineering phages to carry those genes, but the cited paper does not address incorporating complex genetic circuits. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Islam, M. S., Fan, J., & Pan, F.
Affiliations
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Corresponding author
Pan, Fan
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Oncology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-11-15
Volume
13
Pages
1290296-1290296
ISSN
2234-943X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fonc.2023.1290296
PMC
PMC10684691
OpenAlex
W4388717396
Cited by
50
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 12
FWCI
1.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170925)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Cancer Research and Treatments
Keywords
bacteriophages, phage therapy, cancer therapy, phage engineering, filamentous phage, phage display, nanocarriers, gene delivery, immunotherapy, pattern recognition receptors, antigen presentation

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