Overcoming the clinical challenges of traditional ayahuasca: a first-in-human trial exploring novel routes of administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine
Open accessAbstract
Recently, the Amazonian plant medicine “ayahuasca”—containing the psychedelic compound N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and numerous β-carboline alkaloids, such as harmine—has been suggested to exhibit beneficial effects in patients with affective and other mental health disorders. Although ayahuasca ingestion is considered safe, its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and tolerability profile pose some challenges and may limit the clinical applicability in vulnerable patient populations. While overdosing and the admixture of intolerable plant constituents may explain some of the common adverse reactions, the peroral route of administration may represent another relevant source of gastro-intestinal intolerabilities and unpredictable pharmacokinetics across users. To overcome these challenges, the present work aimed at creating ayahuasca-analogue formulations with improved pharmacokinetics and tolerability profiles. To this end, we developed peroral formulas and compared them with parenteral formulas specifically designed to circumvent the gastro-intestinal tract. In more detail, peroral administration of a capsule (containing purified DMT and harmine) was tested against a combined administration of an oromucosal harmine tablet and an intranasal DMT spray at two dose levels in an open-label within-subject study in 10 healthy male subjects. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles were assessed by means of continuous blood sampling, vital sign monitoring, and psychometric assessments. Common side effects induced by traditional herbal ayahuasca such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were significantly attenuated by our DMT/harmine formulations. While all preparations were well tolerated, the combined buccal/intranasal administration of harmine and DMT yielded substantially improved pharmacokinetic profiles, indicated by significantly reduced variations in systemic exposure. In conclusion, the combined buccal/intranasal administration of harmine and DMT is an innovative approach that may pave the way towards a safe, rapid-acting, and patient-oriented administration of DMT/harmine for the treatment of affective disorders. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov , identifier NCT04716335
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In a dose-finding pilot study, doses of 200 mg harmine induced a reduction in vigilance, which was deemed non-conducive to the experimental tasks.
“where we tested different doses of harmine and demonstrated that doses of 200 mg harmine induced a reduction in vigilance, which was deemed non-conducive to our experimental tasks.”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Methods §2.8 reports a 200 mg harmine dose on study day 4, supporting the dose-finding aspect of the claim. But Results §3.4 reports adverse effects without a reduction in vigilance, and our copy does not say that the dose was unsuitable for experimental tasks; searches for vigilance and task-related effects found no such finding. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a dose-finding pilot study comparing different doses and administration routes, the authors developed an optimized delivery mechanism and incremental dosing.
“In our dose-finding pilot study (56) comparing different doses and administrations routes, we developed optimized delivery mechanism and the incremental dosing.”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
100 mg of harmine is a moderate dose.
“We consider 100 mg of harmine a moderate dose based on results of our dose-finding pilot study (56)”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Methods §§2.5–2.6 describe 100 mg of harmine as the extended-release portion of a 250 mg oral dose, not as a standalone moderate dose. Methods §2.8 reports total buccal doses of 150 mg and 200 mg. The passages found do not classify 100 mg as moderate or report a dose-finding result establishing that classification. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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- Authors
- Dornbierer, D. A., Marten, L., Mueller, J., Aicher, H. D., Mueller, M. J., Boxler, M., Kometer, M., Kosanic, D., von Rotz, R., Puchkov, M., Kraemer, T., Landolt, H.-P., Seifritz, E., & Scheidegger, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Dornbierer, Dario A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-11-27
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1246892-1246892
- ISSN
- 1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10711279
- OpenAlex
- W4389053603
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 9.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (198689, 191935)
- Universität Zürich
- Berrikuntza + Ikerketa + Osasuna Eusko Fundazioa
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmine, psychedelics, route of administration, buccal administration, intranasal administration, pharmacokinetics, tolerability, gastrointestinal adverse effects, mood disorders
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