On the antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of Neandertal linguistic capacities and its consequences
Open accessAbstract
It is usually assumed that modern language is a recent phenomenon, coinciding with the emergence of modern humans themselves. Many assume as well that this is the result of a single, sudden mutation giving rise to the full "modern package." However, we argue here that recognizably modern language is likely an ancient feature of our genus pre-dating at least the common ancestor of modern humans and Neandertals about half a million years ago. To this end, we adduce a broad range of evidence from linguistics, genetics, paleontology, and archaeology clearly suggesting that Neandertals shared with us something like modern speech and language. This reassessment of the antiquity of modern language, from the usually quoted 50,000-100,000 years to half a million years, has profound consequences for our understanding of our own evolution in general and especially for the sciences of speech and language. As such, it argues against a saltationist scenario for the evolution of language, and toward a gradual process of culture-gene co-evolution extending to the present day. Another consequence is that the present-day linguistic diversity might better reflect the properties of the design space for language and not just the vagaries of history, and could also contain traces of the languages spoken by other human forms such as the Neandertals.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Archaic hominins likely had certain language-like abilities.
“We know that archaic hominins likely had certain language-like abilities123,124”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [123]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
チャールス, ダ., & 茂穂, 田. (1907) · Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai zasshi · doi:10.1537/ase1887.22.495 · Cited by 10,909 · see citing works
(2023) · doi:10.1126/science · Cited by 6,063 · see citing works
The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?
Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 · Cited by 5,189 · see citing works
Plans and the structure of behavior.
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960) · doi:10.1037/10039-000 · Cited by 4,630 · see citing works
Colman (2022) · doi:10.1073/pnas · Cited by 4,370 · see citing works
A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H.-Y., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188021 · Cited by 4,318 · see citing works
Origins of Human Communication
Tomasello, M. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7551.001.0001 · Cited by 3,205 · see citing works
The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior
Mcbrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 · Cited by 2,718 · see citing works
The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science
Evans, N., & Levinson, S. C. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999094x · Cited by 2,651 · see citing works
Self-citationChomsky, N. (1968) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e400082009-004 · Cited by 2,515 · see citing works
Natural language and natural selection
Pinker, S. A., & Bloom, P. (1990) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00081061 · Cited by 2,473 · see citing works
Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans
Dunbar, R. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00032325 · Cited by 2,370 · see citing works
Origins of human communication
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-3671 · Cited by 2,235 · see citing works
(1996) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · Cited by 2,212 · see citing works
Hybridization as an invasion of the genome
Mallet, J. (2005) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010 · Cited by 2,196 · see citing works
Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia
Reich, D., Green, R. E., Kircher, M., Krause, J., Patterson, N., Durand, E. Y., Viola, B., Briggs, A. W., Stenzel, U., Johnson, P. L. F., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09710 · Cited by 1,991 · see citing works
Music, Language, and the Brain
Patel, A. D. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195123753.001.0001 · Cited by 1,971 · see citing works
A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic denisovan individual
Meyer, M., Kircher, M., Gansauge, M.-T., Li, H., Racimo, F., Mallick, S., Schraiber, J. G., Jay, F., Prüfer, K., de Filippo, C., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1224344 · Cited by 1,967 · see citing works
Bickerton, D. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226220949.001.0001 · Cited by 1,591 · see citing works
Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation
Stivers, T., Enfield, N. J., Brown, P., Englert, C., Hayashi, M., Heinemann, T., Hoymann, G., Rossano, F., de Ruiter, J. P., Yoon, K.-E., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903616106 · Cited by 1,533 · see citing works
Self-citationThe descent of man, and selection in relation to sex /
Darwin, C. R. (1871) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.121292 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
Arbib, M. A. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000038 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record
Teeling, E. C., Springer, M. S., Madsen, O., Bates, P. J. J., O’Brien, S. J., & Murphy, W. J. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105113 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
Fitch, W. T. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511817779 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Henrich, J. (2004) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/4128416 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Late Pleistocene Demography and the Appearance of Modern Human Behavior
Powell, A., Shennan, S. J., & Thomas, M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170165 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Language and Problems of Knowledge
Chomsky, N. (1987) · Sammelpunkt - Elektronisch archivierte Theorie · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Genetic and Fossil Evidence for the Origin of Modern Humans
Stringer, C. B., & Andrews, P. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3125610 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Language and problems of knowledge : the Managua lectures
Chomsky, N. (1988) · Cited by 934 · see citing works
The singing Neanderthals: The origins of music, language, mind, and body
Mithen, S. (2006) · Cited by 887 · see citing works
THE HUMAN CAREER: HUMAN BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ORIGINS
McHenry, H. M., & Klein, R. G. (1991) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04425.x · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany
Thieme, H. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/385807a0 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Britto, D. B. D. O. E. (2007) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia · doi:10.1590/s1516-80342007000400016 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language
Dunbar, & Fisher, M. (1998) · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Language Structure Is Partly Determined by Social Structure
Lupyan, G., & Dale, R. A. C. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008559 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
The singing neanderthals: the origins of music, language, mind, and body
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0851 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
The Origin of Modern Human Behavior: Critique of the Models and Their Test Implications
Henshilwood, C. S., & Marean, C. W. (2003) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/377665 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe
Roebroeks, W., & Villa, P. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1018116108 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals
Zilhão, J., Angelucci, D. E., Badal-García, E., d’Errico, F., Daniel, F., Dayet, L., Douka, K., Higham, T. F. G., Martínez-Sánchez, M. J., Montes-Bernárdez, R., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914088107 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders
Vernes, S. C., Newbury, D. F., Abrahams, B. S., Winchester, L., Nicod, J., Groszer, M., Alarcón, M., Oliver, P. L., Davies, K. E., Geschwind, D. H., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802828 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Evolution, brain, and the nature of language
Berwick, R. C., Friederici, A. D., Chomsky, N., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.002 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist
Mayr, E. (1943) · Geographical Journal · doi:10.2307/1790142 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist
Mayr, E. W. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Harman, G. H. (1973) · Language · doi:10.2307/412464 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
The Derived FOXP2 Variant of Modern Humans Was Shared with Neandertals
Krause, J., Lalueza‐Fox, C., Orlando, L., Enard, W., Green, R. E., Burbano, H. A., Hublin, J., Hänni, C., Fortea, J., Vives, M. D. L. R., et al. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Parkington, J. E., & Klein, R. B. (1989) · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model
Mellars, P. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0510792103 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
FOXP2 as a molecular window into speech and language
Fisher, S. E., & Scharff, C. (2009) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.002 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans
Abi-Rached, L., Jobin, M. J., Kulkarni, S., McWhinnie, A., Dalva, K., Gragert, L., Babrzadeh, F., Gharizadeh, B., Luo, M., Plummer, F. A., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1209202 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Modern human origins: progress and prospects
Stringer, C. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.1057 · Cited by 534 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…July 2013 | Volume 4 | Article 397 | 7 the meager investment in campsites, the relatively narrow range of prey and in particular the apparent neglect of fishing (McBrearty and Brooks, 2000; Stringer, 2002; Henshilwood and Marean, 2003; Mellars, 2005; Klein, 2009; Roebroeks and Verpoorte, 2009).”
BackgroundEvolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals
Dunn, M., Greenhill, S. J., Levinson, S. C., & Gray, R. D. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09923 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Self-citationStone toolmaking and the evolution of human culture and cognition
Stout, D. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0369 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Henry, A. G., Brooks, A. S., & Piperno, D. R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1016868108 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Some simple evo devo theses: how true might they be for language?
Chomsky, N. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511817755.003 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Jackendoff, R. S., & Pinker, S. A. (2005) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.04.006 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Approaches to the Evolution of Language
LIEBERMAN, P. H., Hurford, J. R., Studdert‐Kennedy, M., et al. (1999) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.2307/2661183 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe
Finlayson, C., Pacheco, F. G., Vidal, J. R., Fa, D. A., López, J. M. G., Pérez, A. S., Finlayson, G., Allué, E., Preysler, J. B., Cáceres, I., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05195 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM , a Brain Size Determinant in Homo sapiens
Mekel-Bobrov, N., Gilbert, S. L., Evans, P. D., Vallender, E. J., Anderson, J. R., Hudson, R. R., Tishkoff, S. A., & Lahn, B. T. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1116815 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
The Date of Interbreeding between Neandertals and Modern Humans
Sankararaman, S., Patterson, N., Li, H., Pääbo, S., & Reich, D. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002947 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
The Gestural Communication of Apes and Monkeys
Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2020) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003064541 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Klein, R. G. (2009) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226027524.001.0001 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Hublin, J. J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904119106 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans
Serre, D., Langaney, A., Chech, M., Teschler‐Nicola, M., Paunović, M., Mennecier, P., Hofreiter, M., Possnert, G., & Pääbo, S. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020057 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Mellars, P. (2005) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20037 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
On the Human "Interaction Engine"
Levinson, S. C. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003135517-3 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationNeanderthal medics? Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus
Hardy, K., Buckley, S., Collins, M. J., Estalrrich, A., Brothwell, D. R., Copeland, L., García‐Tabernero, A., García‐Vargas, S., Vives, M. D. L. R., Lalueza‐Fox, C., et al. (2012) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0942-0 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia
Alemseged, Z., Spoor, F., Kimbel, W. H., Bobe, R. L., Geraads, D., Reed, D. N., & Wynn, J. G. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05047 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Human language as a culturally transmitted replicator
Pagel, M. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2560 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution
Stout, D., & Chaminade, T. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0099 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Duarte, C., Maurício, J., Pettitt, P., Souto, P., Trinkaus, E., van der Plicht, H., & Zilhão, J. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
The nature of music from a biological perspective
Peretz, I. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.11.004 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
ON THE SPEECH OF NEANDERTHAL MAN
LIEBERMAN, P. H., & CRELIN, E. S. (1972) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110819434-007 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens
Ericson, P. G. P., Christidis, L., Cooper, A., Irestedt, M., Jackson, J. A., Johansson, U. S., & Norman, J. A. (2002) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1877 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History
Dunn, M., Terrill, A., Reesink, G. P., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1114615 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The mind of the species problem
Hey, J. (2001) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02145-0 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Population size predicts technological complexity in Oceania
Kline, M. A., & Boyd, R. T. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0452 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania
Trinkaus, E., Moldovan, O. T., Milota, Ş., Bîlgăr, A., Sarcină, L., Athreya, S. G., Bailey, S. E., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Higham, T., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2035108100 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Facilitation of AMPA Receptor Synaptic Delivery as a Molecular Mechanism for Cognitive Enhancement
Knafo, S., Venero, C., Sánchez‐Puelles, C., Pereda-Pérez, I., Franco, A. C. G., Sandi, C., Suárez, L. M., Solís, J. M., Alonso‐Nanclares, L., Martín, E. D., et al. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001262 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Brain development after birth differs between Neanderthals and modern humans
Gunz, P., Neubauer, S., Maureille, B., & Hublin, J.-J. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.018 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Hominin variability, climatic instability and population demography in Middle Pleistocene Europe
Dennell, R., Martinón‐Torres, M., & de Castro, J. M. B. (2010) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.027 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Higham, T., Jacobi, R. M., Julien, M., David, F., Basell, L., Wood, R. E., Davies, W., & Ramsey, C. B. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1007963107 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Neanderthal brain size at birth provides insights into the evolution of human life history
Ponce de León, M. S., Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Romanova, G., Akazawa, T., Kondo, O., Ishida, H., & Zollikofer, C. P. E. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803917105 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Shining a light on CNTNAP2: Complex functions to complex disorders
Rodenas-Cuadrado, P., Ho, J., & Vernes, S. C. (2014) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.100 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
A Recent Evolutionary Change Affects a Regulatory Element in the Human FOXP2 Gene
Maričić, T., Günther, V., Georgiev, O., Gehre, S., Ćurlin, M., Schreiweis, C., Naumann, R., Burbano, H. A., Meyer, M., Lalueza‐Fox, C., et al. (2012) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mss271 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Dediu, D., & Ladd, D. R. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610848104 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationHigher Levels of Neanderthal Ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans
Wall, J. D., Yang, M. A., Jay, F., Kim, S. K., Durand, E. Y., Stevison, L. S., Gignoux, C., Woerner, A., Hammer, M. F., & Slatkin, M. (2013) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.148213 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Human brain evolution: transcripts, metabolites and their regulators
Somel, M., Liu, X., & Khaitovich, P. (2013) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3372 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Paternal and maternal DNA lineages reveal a bottleneck in the founding of the Finnish population.
Sajantila, A., Salem, A. H., Savolainen, P., Bauer, K., Gierig, C., & Pääbo, S. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.12035 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Wood, R. E., Ruíz, C. B., y Caparrós, M. Á. C., Pardo, J. F. J., Santos, B. G., & Higham, T. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1207656110 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Hublin, J., Talamo, S., Julien, M., David, F., Connet, N., Bodu, P., Vandermeersch, B., & Richards, M. P. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1212924109 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Eriksson, A., & Manica, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1200567109 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Pearce, E., Stringer, C. B., & Dunbar, R. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0168 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone
Arensburg, B., Tillier, A. M., Vandermeersch, B., et al. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/338758a0 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Cognitive cladistics and cultural override in Hominid spatial cognition
Haun, D. B. M., Rapold, C. J., Call, J., Janzen, G., & Levinson, S. C. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607999103 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationGrün, R., & Stringer, C. B. (2000) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0443 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in Middle Palaeolithic hominids
Arensburg, B., Schepartz, L. A., Tillier, A. M., et al. (1990) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330830202 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals
Trinkaus, E. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702214104 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Chomsky, N. A. D. T., & McGilvray, J. A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139061018 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Hublin, J., & Roebroeks, W. (2009) · Comptes Rendus Palevol · doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.04.001 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups
Lalueza‐Fox, C., Rosas, A., Estalrrich, A., Gigli, E., Campos, P. F., García‐Tabernero, A., García‐Vargas, S., Sánchez‐Quinto, F., Ramírez, Ó., Civit, S., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011553108 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Neandertal birth canal shape and the evolution of human childbirth
Weaver, T. D., & Hublin, J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812554106 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain
Martı́nez, I., Rosa-Zurera, M., Arsuaga, J. L., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403595101 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution
Tattersall, I., & Schwartz, J. H. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
On the Probability of Neanderthal Ancestry
Nordborg, M. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302052 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Were neandertal and modern human cranial differences produced by natural selection or genetic drift?
WEAVER, T., Roseman, C. C., & Stringer, C. B. (2007) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.03.001 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The Reality of Neandertal Symbolic Behavior at the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France
Caron, F., d’Errico, F., Moral, P. D., Santos, F., & Zilhão, J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021545 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Zilhão, J., & Trinkaus, E. (2002) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal–to–Modern Human Transition
Mellars, P., & French, J. C. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206930 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Fitch, W. T. (2000) · Phonetica · doi:10.1159/000028474 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The potential Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans
Boë, L.-J., Heim, J.-L., Honda, K., et al. (2002) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1006/jpho.2002.0170 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
What primary microcephaly can tell us about brain growth
Cox, J. J., Jackson, A. P., Bond, J., & Woods, C. G. (2006) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.06.006 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The shape and tempo of language evolution
Greenhill, S. J., Atkinson, Q. D., Meade, A., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0051 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Early modern humans from the Peştera Muierii, Baia de Fier, Romania
Soficaru, A., Doboş, A., & Trinkaus, E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608443103 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Dunn, M., Levinson, S. C., Lindström, E., et al. (2008) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.0.0069 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrat, M., & Excoffier, L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1107450108 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Spatial Organization of Hominin Activities at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel
Alperson-Afil, N., Sharon, G., Kislev, M. E., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1180695 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Mendez, F. L., Watkins, J. C., & Hammer, M. F. (2012) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.06.015 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology
Weaver, T. D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903864106 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Science of Language: Interviews with James McGilvray
Chomsky, N. A. D. T., & McGilvray, J. A. (2012) · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The Original Sin of Cognitive Science
Levinson, S. C. (2012) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01195.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationNeanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?
Mellars, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1014588107 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Falk, D. (1975) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330430116 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Cultural Innovations and Demographic Change
Richerson, P. J., Boyd, R. T., & Bettinger, R. L. (2009) · Human Biology · doi:10.3378/027.081.0306 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Mendez, F. L., Krahn, T., Schrack, B., Krahn, A.-M., Veeramah, K. R., Woerner, A. E., Fomine, F. L. M., Bradman, N. N., Thomas, M., Karafet, T. M., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The revolution that didn't arrive: A review of Pleistocene Sahul
Habgood, P. J., & Franklin, N. (2008) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.11.006 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Peştera cu Oase 2 and the cranial morphology of early modern Europeans
Rougier, H., Milota, Ş., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Sarcină, L., Moldovan, O. T., Zilhão, J., Constantin, S., Franciscus, R. G., Zollikofer, C. P. E., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610538104 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wich, S. A., Krützen, M., Lameira, A. R., Nater, A., Arora, N., Bastian, M. L., Meulman, E. J. M., Morrogh-Bernard, H. C., Utami-Atmoko, S. S., Pamungkas, J., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036180 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Language Mosaic and its Evolution
Hurford, J. R. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244843.003.0003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Explaining the Linguistic Diversity of Sahul Using Population Models
Reesink, G. P., Singer, R., & Dunn, M. (2009) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000241 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Stewart, J. R. (2005) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.11.018 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle Palaeolithic Eurasia
Pettitt, P. (2002) · Before Farming · doi:10.3828/bfarm.2002.1.4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Neandertal Origin of Genetic Variation at the Cluster of OAS Immunity Genes
Mendez, F. L., Watkins, J. C., & Hammer, M. F. (2013) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst004 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Neandertal supralaryngeal vocal tract
Houghton, P. (1993) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330900202 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
From Homininity to Humanity: Compassion from the Earliest Archaics to Modern Humans
Spikins, P., Rutherford, H., & Needham, A. (2010) · Time and Mind · doi:10.2752/175169610x12754030955977 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The Functions of Laryngeal Air Sacs in Primates: A New Hypothesis
Hewitt, G. P., MacLarnon, A. M., & Jones, K. E. (2002) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000064786 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Genetics and the Search for Modern Human Origins
Relethford, J. H. (2001) · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre
Watts, I. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199545858.003.0004 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Levinson, S. C. (2013) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.2013.0005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationTasmanian Knowledge and Skill: Maladaptive Imitation or Adequate Technology?
Read, D. (2006) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/40035327 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Computer Models of Vocal Tract Evolution: An Overview and Critique
de Boer, B., & Fitch, W. T. (2010) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712309350972 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Time for a sea-change in linguistics: Response to comments on ‘The Myth of Language Universals’
Levinson, S. C., & Evans, N. (2010) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2010.08.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence that two main bottleneck events shaped modern human genetic diversity
Amos, W., & Hoffman, J. I. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1473 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Descent of the hyoid in chimpanzees: evolution of face flattening and speech
Nishimura, T., Mikami, A., Suzuki, J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.03.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Dalén, L., Orlando, L., Shapiro, B., Durling, M. B., Quam, R., Gilbert, M. T. P., Fernández-Lomana, J. C. D., Willerslev, E., Arsuaga, J. L., & Götherström, A. (2012) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mss074 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Comparison of Auditory Functions in the Chimpanzee and Human
Kojima, S. (1990) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000156501 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech
Degusta, D., Gilbert, W. H., & Turner, S. P. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Hunting and Hunting Weapons of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe
Villa, P., & Lenoir, M. (2009) · Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthroplogy series/Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9699-0_5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Bayle, P., Macchiarelli, R., Trinkaus, E., Duarte, C., Mazurier, A., & Zilhão, J. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914202107 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
de Castro, J. M. B., Rosas, A., Carbonell, E., Nicolás, M. E., Rodrı́guez, J., & Arsuaga, J. L. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.7.4210 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Why does a language undress? Strange cases in Indonesia
McWhorter, J. H. (2008) · Studies in language companion series · doi:10.1075/slcs.94.12mcw · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A Niche Construction Perspective on the Middle–Upper Paleolithic Transition in Italy
Riel-Salvatore, J. G. (2010) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-010-9093-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dediu, D., & Levinson, S. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045198 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationDediu, D. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1595 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationEarliest personal ornaments and their significance for the origin of language debate
d’Errico, F., & Vanhaeren, M. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199545858.003.0002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
de Castro, J. M. B., Martinón‐Torres, M., Prado‐Simón, L., Gómez‐Robles, A., Rosell, J., López‐Polín, L., Arsuaga, J. L., & Carbonell, E. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006772107 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
FOXP2 as a molecular window into speech and language
Fisher, S. E. (2013) · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Auditory ossicles from southwest Asian Mousterian sites
Quam, R., & Rak, Y. (2007) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.10.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Acoustic analysis of primate air sacs and their effect on vocalization
de Boer, B. (2009) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.3257544 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Energy use by Eem Neanderthals
Sørensen, B. E. (2009) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Musical Protolanguage: Darwin’s Theory of Language Evolution Revisited
Fitch, W. T. (2013) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9322.003.0032 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The language capability of Neanderthal man
May, M. L. (1975) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330420103 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
News flash: Negative evidence convicts Neanderthals of gross mental incompetence
Speth, J. D. (2004) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/0043824042000303692 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Intentional Communication
Noordzij, M. L., Newman-Norlund, S. E., de Ruiter, J. P., Peter Hagoort, A., Levinson, S. C., & Toni, I. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2010.00188 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationStone Toolmaking and the Evolution of Human Culture and Cognition
Stout, D. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199608966.003.0012 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate
Teschler‐Nicola, M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-49294-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Linkage Disequilibrium Extends Across Putative Selected Sites in FOXP2
Ptak, S. E., Enard, W., Wiebe, V., Hellmann, I., Krause, J., Lachmann, M., & Pääbo, S. (2009) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msp143 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
No evidence of a Neanderthal contribution to modern human diversity
Hodgson, J., & Disotell, T. (2008) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-2-206 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Flint mining in prehistory recorded by in situ -produced cosmogenic 10 Be
Verri, G., Barkai, R., Bordeanu, C., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402302101 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
When did the modern human pattern of childbirth arise? New insights from an old Neandertal pelvis
Franciscus, R. G. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903384106 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Genetics and the search for modern human origins
Weiss, K. M. (2002) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10115 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chomsky, N., & McGilvray, J. A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Reflections of our past: how human history is revealed in our genes
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2261 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hypoglossal Canal Size in Living Hominoids and the Evolution of Human Speech
Jungers, W. L., Pokempner, A. A., Kay, R. F., et al. (2003) · Human Biology · doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0057 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Microcephalin Ancestral Allele in a Neanderthal Individual
Lari, M., Rizzi, E., Milani, L., Corti, G., Balsamo, C., Vai, S., Catalano, G., Pilli, E., Longo, L., Condémi, S., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010648 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Homo erectus hyoid bone: possible implications for the origin of the human capability for speech.
Capasso, L., Michetti, E., & D’Anastasio, R. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Condémi, S., Mounier, A., Giunti, P., Lari, M., Caramelli, D., & Longo, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059781 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
How old is the Indo-European language family? : illumination or more moths to the flame?
Atkinson, Q. D., & Gray, R. D. (2006) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Extremely Rare Interbreeding Events Can Explain Neanderthal DNA in Living Humans
Neves, A., & Serva, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047076 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neandertal Genome: The Ins and Outs of African Genetic Diversity
Hodgson, J. A., Bergey, C. M., & Disotell, T. R. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.018 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Disotell, T. R. (2012) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22159 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fossil cues to the evolution of speech
Fitch, W. T. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199545858.003.0006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Roebroeks, W., & Verpoorte, A. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199545858.003.0008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ancient DNA, Late Neandertal Survival, and Modern‐Human–Neandertal Genetic Admixture
Weaver, T. D., & Roseman, C. C. (2005) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/432776 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Longer time scale for human evolution
Hawks, J. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1212718109 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Origin of the speech apparatus and its reconstruction in fossils
Brul, E. L. D. (1977) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(77)90031-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
From Protolanguage to Language
Bickerton, D. (2004) · British Academy eBooks · doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197263112.003.0006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Darwin, C. R., & Pritchett, R. T. (1890) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Auditory capacities of human fossils: A new approach to the origin of speech
Martı́nez, I., Quam, R., Rosa-Zurera, M., et al. (2008) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.2934784 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gabora, D. L. (2003) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dediu, D. (2007) · Max Planck Digital Library · doi:10.5281/zenodo.4252896 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationHow varied typologically are the languages of Africa?
Cysouw, M., & Comrie, B. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199545858.003.0010 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Separating “us” from “them”: Neanderthal and modern human behavior
Shipman, P. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0807931105 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Breve nota sobre el hioides neandertalense de Sidron (Piloña, Asturias)
Cabo, L. L., Rodríguez, L., & Rodríguez, J. E. E. (2002) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Conard N. J. Niven L. (2001). The Paleolithic Finds from Bollschweil and the Question of Neandertal Mammoth Hunting in the Black Forest in the world of elephants, in Proceedings of the First International Congress, eds Cavaretta G. Giola P. Mussi M. Palumbo M. R. (Roma: Universista La Sapienza), 194– 200
- Gil D. (2011). Obligatory vs. optional tense-aspect-mood marking: areal patterns and historical developments” in International conference on Historical Linguistics (ICHLXX) (Osaka).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neanderthal language revisited: not only us
Dediu, D., & Levinson, S. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.001 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating the self‐domestication hypothesis of human evolution
Sánchez‐Villagra, M. R., & van Schaik, C. P. (2019) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21777 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins
Kuhlwilm, M., & Boeckx, C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44877-x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Wrangham, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01914 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The evolutionary history of genes involved in spoken and written language: beyond FOXP2
Mozzi, A., Forni, D., Clerici, M., Pozzoli, U., Mascheretti, S., Guerini, F. R., Riva, S., Bresolin, N., Cagliani, R., & Sironi, M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep22157 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zoon politikon: The evolutionary origins of human socio-political systems
Gintis, H., van Schaik, C., & Boehm, C. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Evolution of language: Lessons from the genome
Fisher, S. E. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1112-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
<i>DLX5/6</i> GABAergic Expression Affects Social Vocalization: Implications for Human Evolution
Levi, G., de Lombares, C., Giuliani, C., Iannuzzi, V., Aouci, R., Garagnani, P., Franceschi, C., Grimaud-Hervé, D., & Narboux-Nême, N. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msab181 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Turiel, E., & Dahl, A. (2019) · The Normative Animal? · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190846466.003.0010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evolutionary Dynamics Do Not Motivate a Single-Mutant Theory of Human Language
de Boer, B., Thompson, B., Ravignani, A., & Boeckx, C. (2019) · doi:10.1101/517029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Individuating Cognitive Characters: Lessons from Praying Mantises and Plants
Figdor, C. (2024) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1017/psa.2024.10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dediu, D., & Levinson, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Dediu, Dan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 397-397
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3701805
- OpenAlex
- W2115969311
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 430.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Keywords
- Neanderthals, origin of language, language evolution, modern human evolution, language and speech, saltationism, linguistic diversity, hominin cognition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
