Higher Levels of Neanderthal Ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans
Open accessAbstract
Neanderthals were a group of archaic hominins that occupied most of Europe and parts of Western Asia from ∼30,000 to 300,000 years ago (KYA). They coexisted with modern humans during part of this time. Previous genetic analyses that compared a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome with genomes of several modern humans concluded that Neanderthals made a small (1–4%) contribution to the gene pools of all non-African populations. This observation was consistent with a single episode of admixture from Neanderthals into the ancestors of all non-Africans when the two groups coexisted in the Middle East 50–80 KYA. We examined the relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans in greater detail by applying two complementary methods to the published draft Neanderthal genome and an expanded set of high-coverage modern human genome sequences. We find that, consistent with the recent finding of Meyer et al. (2012), Neanderthals contributed more DNA to modern East Asians than to modern Europeans. Furthermore we find that the Maasai of East Africa have a small but significant fraction of Neanderthal DNA. Because our analysis is of several genomic samples from each modern human population considered, we are able to document the extent of variation in Neanderthal ancestry within and among populations. Our results combined with those previously published show that a more complex model of admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans is necessary to account for the different levels of Neanderthal ancestry among human populations. In particular, at least some Neanderthal–modern human admixture must postdate the separation of the ancestors of modern European and modern East Asian populations.
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In Europeans, archaic ancestry is consistent with contributions by a single population of Neanderthals through one or more pulses.
“In Europeans, archaic ancestry is consistent with contributions by a single population of Neanderthals 3 through one or more pulses [4][5][6][7] .”
From The nature of Neanderthal introgression revealed by 27,566 Icelandic genomes (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports Neanderthal ancestry in Europeans, and the Discussion (page unavailable) says admixture may have occurred in separate episodes or over a protracted period. Neither passage establishes that Europeans’ archaic ancestry is consistent with contributions from a single Neanderthal population; the discussion of multiple episodes concerns modern humans more broadly, not pulses specifically into Europeans. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNon-African populations have 1-4% Neanderthal admixture, with East Asian populations exhibiting more Neanderthal introgression than West Eurasian populations.
“Studies estimate that non-African populations have 1–4% Neanderthal admixture, with East Asian populations exhibiting more Neanderthal introgression than West Eurasian populations (Wall et al. 2013; Sankararaman et al. 2014), perhaps due to more archaic admixture events with ancestral East Asians, but other plausible scenarios have been proposed (Coll Macià et al. 2021; Witt et al. 2022).”
From The Impact of Modern Admixture on Archaic Human Ancestry in Human Populations (2023) · cites this paper as Wall et al. 2013
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports earlier estimates of 1–4% Neanderthal ancestry in non-African populations, and the paper finds more Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. It does not establish that comparison for West Eurasian populations as a whole; its stated comparator is Europeans. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeanderthal ancestry is relatively uniform among modern Eurasian populations but is approximately 8 to 24% higher in East Asia than in Europe.
“While NE ancestry is relatively uniform among modern Eurasian populations (1, 2), it is approximately 8 to 24% higher in East Asia than in Europe (5, 10, 12, 13).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The citation is attached to the East Asia–Europe comparison, not the preceding statement about uniformity. The Abstract and Discussion report higher Neanderthal admixture in East Asians, but estimate it at 40% higher than in Europeans, not approximately 8–24%; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWest Eurasians harbour significantly less Neanderthal ancestry than East Asians.
“West Eurasians harbour significantly less Neanderthal ancestry than East Asians19-21, which could be explained if West Eurasians (but not East Asians) have partial ancestry from a source diluting their Neanderthal inheritance22.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
The D-statistics and estimates of f section reports significantly higher frequencies of putative Neanderthal haplotypes in East Asians than in Europeans; the Discussion likewise reports a higher admixture rate in East Asians. The paper establishes this comparison for Europeans, not for West Eurasians as a whole. The proposed dilution explanation is attached to a different citation and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeanderthal ancestry is found in some African populations via admixture with Eurasian populations that harbored archaic ancestry migrating back into Africa.
“Neanderthal ancestry is also found in some African populations via admixture with Eurasian populations that harbored archaic ancestry migrating back into Africa (Wall et al. 2013).”
From The Impact of Modern Admixture on Archaic Human Ancestry in Human Populations (2023) · cites this paper as Wall et al. 2013
This second range expansion is essential for explaining the pattern currently observed of lower Neanderthal ancestry in western Europe than in East Asia.
“This second range expansion is essential for explaining the pattern currently observed of lower NE ancestry in western Europe than in East Asia (5, 10, 12, 13).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Wall, J. D., Yang, M. A., Jay, F., Kim, S. K., Durand, E. Y., Stevison, L. S., Gignoux, C., Woerner, A., Hammer, M. F., & Slatkin, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wall, Jeffrey D
- ORCID
- Venue
- Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-05-01
- Volume
- 194
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 199-209
- ISSN
- 0016-6731 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2631
- PMC
- PMC3632468
- OpenAlex
- W2127362327
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 149.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG005226, T32HG00047, T32HG000047)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM040282, R01‑GM40282)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Neanderthal admixture, Neanderthal ancestry, East Asian populations, European populations, Maasai, Neanderthal genome, population divergence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Asia, Eastern, Gene Pool, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Humans, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, Genome, Human, White People, Asian People, Neanderthals
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