On the Measurement of Procrastination: Comparing Two Scales in Six European Countries
Open accessAbstract
Procrastination is a common problem, but defining and measuring it has been subject to some debate. This paper summarizes results from students and employees (N = 2893) in Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, and Sweden using the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) and the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS; Steel, 2010), both assumed to measure unidimensional and closely related constructs. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated inadequate configural fit for the suggested one-factor model for PPS; however, acceptable fit was observed for a three-factor model corresponding to the three different scales the PPS is based on. Testing measurement invariance over countries and students-employees revealed configural but not strong or strict invariance, indicating that both instruments are somewhat sensitive to cultural differences. We conclude that the PPS and IPS are valid measures of procrastination, and that the PPS may be particularly useful in assessing cultural differences in unnecessary delay.
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The PPS has high construct validity and is validated for online use.
“The PPS has high construct validity (Svartdal et al., 2016) and is validated for online use (Steel, 2010).”
From Group cognitive behavioral therapy for reducing procrastination in college students: a randomized controlled trial (2026) · cites this paper as Svartdal et al., 2016
The Introduction (Measuring Procrastination; page unavailable) describes improved convergent and divergent validity for the PPS, supporting a claim about its validity. But the Results and Discussion (Factor Structures; page unavailable) find that the original one-factor model did not fit acceptably, and the paper questions whether some PPS items measure the intended construct. Thus, describing the whole scale as having unqualifiedly high construct validity overstates the findings. The online-use clause is cited to Steel (2010), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Prokrastination: Was ist es? Was ist es nicht? Wie macht man es sichtbar?
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- Authors
- Svartdal, F., Pfuhl, G., Nordby, K., Foschi, G., Klingsieck, K. B., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Lindblom-Ylänne, S., & Rębkowska, K.
- Affiliations
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Paderborn University (DE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- University of Warsaw (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Svartdal, Frode
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-08-31
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 1307-1307
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5005418
- OpenAlex
- W2511873234
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 8.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- procrastination, Pure Procrastination Scale, measurement invariance, cross-cultural measurement, three-factor model, scale validation
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