Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument
Abstract
Using a confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) model as a paradigmatic basis for all comparisons, this article reviews and contrasts important features related to 3 of the most widely-used structural equation modeling (SEM) computer programs: AMOS 4.0 (Arbuckle, 1999), EQS 6 (Bentler, 2000), and LISREL 8 (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1996b). Comparisons focus on (a) key aspects of the programs that bear on the specification and testing of CFA models-preliminary analysis of data, and model specification, estimation, assessment, and misspecification; and (b) other important issues that include treatment of incomplete, nonnormally-distributed, or categorically-scaled data. It is expected that this comparative review will provide readers with at least a flavor of the approach taken by each program with respect to both the application of SEM within the framework of a CFA model, and the critically important issues, previously noted, related to data under study.
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The structural equation model fit the data well (CMIN/df = 1.520, GFI, AGFI, NFI, RFI, IFI, TLI, and CFI all above 0.9, RMSEA = 0.033, Standardized RMR = 0.035).
“In the structural equation model verification, CMIN was 814.554, CMIN/df was 1.520, GFI, AGFI, NFI, RFI, IFI, TLI, and CFI were all above 0.9, RMSEA was 0.033, less than 0.08, Standardized RMR was 0.035, less than 0.05 [76]. Almost all the fitting indexes were in line with the standards of a general structural equation model, and therefore, the model fits well [74].”
From Health and Wellness Tourists’ Motivation and Behavior Intention: The Role of Perceived Value (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
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“Outliers can indicate individuals or groups with different behaviour from most in the dataset (Grubbs 1969; Byrne 2001 ; Tabachnick and Fidell 2013 ).”
- Authors
- Byrne, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Byrne, Barbara M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Testing
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-86
- ISSN
- 1530-5058 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7574
- OpenAlex
- W2061869679
- Cited by
- 1,725
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 183 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 3.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Testing (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- Amos, EQS, LISREL, confirmatory factor analysis, factorial validity, measurement instrument validation, model misspecification, non-normal data, categorical data, missing data, model estimation
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