Do peers matter? Resistance to peer influence as a mediator between self-esteem and procrastination among undergraduates.
Open accessAbstract
This study examined the relationship between self-esteem and procrastination and the mediating role of resistance to peer influence (RPI) on this relationship among undergraduates. One hundred and ninety-nine Chinese undergraduate students completed the measures of procrastination, RPI, and self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling analyses indicated that self-esteem was negatively related to procrastination, and RPI acted as a mediator of this relationship. The results suggest that the peer may be a key to understanding procrastination among undergraduates. Implications for future research and limitations of the current study are discussed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Distraction by peers can be a source of academic procrastination.
“Both qualitative (Klingsieck et al., 2013) and quantitative (Chen et al., 2016) evidence support the idea that distraction by peers can be a source of academic procrastination.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995 · see citing works
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810 · see citing works
To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_1 · Cited by 6,552 · see citing works
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3 · Cited by 5,758 · see citing works
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417 · cited 7× · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis has demonstrated some possible causes of procrastination (Steel, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation
Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.12.1.23 · Cited by 3,401 · see citing works
Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0022658 · Cited by 3,060 · see citing works
The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory
Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(00)80003-9 · Cited by 2,521 · see citing works
Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518 · Cited by 2,519 · see citing works
Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625 · Cited by 2,218 · see citing works
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Although previous studies explained that procrastination is the result of the protection of self-esteem (Solomon and Rothblum, 1984; Flett et al., 1995; Klassen et al., 2008), this research emphasizes that peer relations may be a key to understanding procrastination among undergraduates.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAge differences in resistance to peer influence.
Steinberg, L. D., & Monahan, K. C. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531 · Cited by 1,625 · see citing works
Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry
Chein, J., Albert, D., O’Brien, L., Uckert, K., & Steinberg, L. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01035.x · Cited by 1,180 · cited 2× · see citing works
“One significant mediating process was found in the relationships between self-esteem and problem behaviors (DuBois and Silverthorn, 2004).”
BackgroundAt last, my research article on procrastination
Lay, C. H. (1986) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Dennis, J. M., Phinney, J. S., & Chuateco, L. I. (2005) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2005.0023 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x · Cited by 888 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Procrastination was found to be related to maladaptive psychological and academic outcomes (Ferrari, 1994; Tice and Baumeister, 1997; Sirois et al., 2003; Sirois and Kitner, 2015).”
BackgroundItem Parceling Issues in Structural Equation Modeling
Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2001) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601858-15 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Procrastination and Task Avoidance
Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Chinese patterns of socialization: A critical review.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1986) · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“I'll look after my health, later”: an investigation of procrastination and health
Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00326-4 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Patterns of Academic Procrastination
Day, V., Mensink, D., & O'Sullivan, M. (2000) · Journal of College Reading and Learning · doi:10.1080/10790195.2000.10850090 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Relationships during adolescence: Continuity and change in interpersonal perspective.
Collins, W. A., & Repinski, D. J. (1994) · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Ferrari, J. R. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90140-6 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Gustavson, D. E., Miyake, A., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614526260 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Adolescents prefer more immediate rewards when in the presence of their peers
O'Brien, L., Albert, D., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2011) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00738.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Beck, B. L., Koons, S. R., & Milgrim, D. L. (2000) · Journal of social behavior and personality · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Affect and self-esteem as mediators between trait resilience and psychological adjustment
Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, C., & Li, T. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.023 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Ferrari, J. R. (1992) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00965170 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Procrastination, Negative Self-Evaluation, and Stress in Depression and Anxiety
Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Martin, T. R. (1995) · Procrastination and Task Avoidance · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_7 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Less Adaptive or More Maladaptive? A Meta–analytic Investigation of Procrastination and Coping
Sirois, F. M., & Kitner, R. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1985 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Peperkoorn, L. S., Roberts, S. C., & Pollet, T. V. (2016) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704916673841 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Procrastination as a Fast Life History Strategy
Chen, B., & Chang, L. (2016) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704916630314 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Dmitrieva, J., Gibson, L. E., Steinberg, L. D., Piquero, A. R., & Fagan, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12111 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Factorial Structure of Three Procrastination Scales with a Spanish Adult Population
Díaz‐Morales, J. F., Ferrari, J. R., Díaz, K., & Argumedo, D. (2006) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.22.2.132 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
DuBois, D. L., & Silverthorn, N. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_20 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Structural equation modeling: A user's guide.
Millsap, R. E. (2002) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Lu, F. (2014) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-014-9319-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bukowski W. M. Velasquez A. M. Brendgen M. (2008). “Variation in patterns of peer influence: Considerations of self and other,” in Understanding Peer influence in Children and Adolescents, eds Prinstein M. J. Dodge K. A. (New York, NY: Guildford Press), 125– 140.
- Kirkpatrick L. A. Ellis B. J. (2001). “Evolutionary perspectives on self-evaluation and self-esteem,” in The Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal processes Vol. 2 eds Fletcher G. Clark M. (Oxford: Blackwell), 411– 436.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations
Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“, 2013) and quantitative (Chen et al., 2016) evidence support the idea that distraction”
BackgroundOpdenakker, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628064 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The relations between academic procrastination and self-esteem in adolescents: A longitudinal study
Yang, X., Liu, R., Ding, Y., Hong, W., & Jiang, S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02075-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Life history strategies and procrastination: The role of environmental unpredictability
Chen, B., & Wen-xiang, Q. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.036 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Group work and student procrastination
Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2022) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102117 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Shi, X., Wang, S., Liu, S., Zhang, T., Chen, S., & Cai, Y. (2018) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1546017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chen, B., & Kruger, D. J. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.017 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Ma, C., & Lan, X. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176398 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Social factors of procrastination: group work can reduce procrastination among students
Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-021-09682-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Universidad de San Martín de Porres, P., Domínguez-Lara, S., Campos-Uscanga, Y., & Universidad Veracruzana, M. (2017) · Liberabit Revista Peruana de Psicología · doi:10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n1.09 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Parent–adolescent attachment and procrastination: The mediating role of self-worth
Chen, B. (2017) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2017.1342593 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Luo, J., Yeung, P., & Li, H. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01613-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Assessment of procrastination in providing nursing care among Iranian nursing staff
Babaie, M., Farahani, A. S., Nourian, M., Hosseini, M., & Mohammadi, A. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-01132-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ashraf, M., Malik, J. A., & Musharraf, S. (2019) · Journal of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences · doi:10.22442/jlumhs.191810603 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Autoestima y procrastinación en el ámbito académico: un meta-análisis.
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S., Martínez-Álvarez, I., & Sospedra-Baeza, M. J. (2022) · Revista Fuentes · doi:10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.19907 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Katsantonis, I., & McLellan, R. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13080804 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prihadi, K. D., Tan, C. Y. H., Tan, R. T. S., Yong, P. L., Yong, J. H. E., Tinagaran, S., Goh, C. L., & Tee, Y. J. (2018) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v7i2.12597 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wojciechowski, T. W. (2022) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2022.2102008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, L., Zhang, T., & Xie, X.-C. (2023) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs13020176 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, B., & Han, W. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01971 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wang, Z.-J., Liu, X., He, J., Wang, Y.-P., Zhao, C.-X., Yang, X.-J., Yin, H., Cao, D., & Zhang, S.-E. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s403219 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Basith, A., Rahman, M. S., & Moseki, U. R. (2021) · Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling · doi:10.17977/um001v6i32021p112-120 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prihadi, K. D., Tan, C. Y. H., Tan, R. T. S., Yong, P. L., Yong, J. H. E., Tinagaran, S., & Yeow, J. L. H. (2018) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v16i46.2236 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chen, B. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9605-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fulano, C. S., Magalhães, P., Núñez, J. C., Marcuzzo, S., & Rosário, P. J. S. L. F. (2020) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2020.1719945 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wu, D., Li, J., Yang, Q., & Ye, B. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112750 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Procrastination on social networks: Triggers and countermeasures
Alblwi, A., McAlaney, J., Altuwairiqi, M., Stefanidis, A., Phalp, K. T., & Ali, R. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi190902016a · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zawadzka, A. M., Borchet, J., Iwanowska, M., & Lewandowska-Walter, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687388 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
چاجی, ش., Ebrahimpour, M., Pakdaman, M., & Taheri, H. (2022) · The Journal Of Psychological Science · doi:10.52547/jps.21.117.1851 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rustamov, E., Nuriyeva, U. Z., Allahverdiyeva, M., Abbasov, T., & Rustamova, N. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.10.1.893 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Onditi, H. Z., Xiao, B., Parent, N., Law, D. M., Bond, T. A., Sam, J., & Shapka, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101680 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Duan, X., Zhaoxia Yi, Sun, Y., & Shabtai, I. (2024) · Proceedings of the International Conference on AI Research. · doi:10.34190/icair.4.1.3222 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Arnison, T., & Knobel, P. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2141279 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yu, L., Marceau, K., Knopik, V. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. D., Leve, L. D., Ganiban, J. M., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy between Neuroticism and Procrastination among Undergraduates
Wang, W., Han, R., Luo, Y., Wu, Z., Jin, Y., Li, Q., & Li, B. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA) · doi:10.1109/icma.2018.8484534 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Peer influence and body dissatisfaction in adults
Pike, M., Tan, E. J., Miles, S., & Phillipou, A. (2025) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562251394529 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Relationship between Binge-Watching Habits and Academic Procrastination among College Students
Yolie, S. E., & Hastuti, R. (2024) · Journal of Communication in Scientific Inquiry (JCSI) · doi:10.58915/jcsi.v5i2.1096 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
علاقة التسویف الأکادیمی بالمناخ الأسری والعجز المتعلم لدى طلاب المرحلة الإعدادیة
الحمید, أ. م. ع. (2019) · مجلة البحث في التربية وعلم النفس · doi:10.21608/mathj.2019.81325
Yahaya, A., Ma’alip, H., Xin, L. J., Maakip, I., Rathakrishnan, B., Murugayah, N., Ahmad, H., Hanif, N. Z. A., Cheng, Y. V., Ajmain, N., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarems/v11-i3/15122
Guevara, C. M. (2022) · Odontología Activa Revista Científica · doi:10.31984/oactiva.v7i2.573
Sebastian, S. R., Athulya, S. S., Pulimootil, E. T., George, R. R., & Menuvin, S. (2025) · Dentistry and Medical Research · doi:10.4103/dmr.dmr_20_23
Ma, Y., Xue, L., Hong, X., & Chen, L. (2025) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-025-10320-z
Sun, M., Cao, J., Yeung, P., Datu, J. A. D., & Luo, J. (2026) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1177/02103702261439041
Yan, J., Hu, X., Chen, X. W., Wu, X., & Li, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1842146
Situationale und soziale Faktoren von Prokrastination
Koppenborg, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72900-7_6
- Authors
- Chen, B.-B., Shi, Z., & Wang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Yan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-10-03
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 1529-1529
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5045931
- OpenAlex
- W2526658529
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31500901)
- Fudan University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- procrastination, self-esteem, resistance to peer influence, peer influence, mediation, undergraduate students, Chinese students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
