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The importance of protesters' morals: moral obligation as a key variable to understand collective action
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Collective action and protest have become a normalised political behaviour that in many cases defines the political agenda. The reasons why people take to the streets constitutes a central subject within the study of Social Psychology. In the literature, three precedents of protest that have been established as central to the study of this phenomenon are: injustice, efficacy and identity. But political action is also deeply related to moral values. This explains why in recent years some moral constructs have also been pointed out as predictors of collective action. Moral variables have been introduced into the literature with little consideration to how they relate to each other. Thus, work in this direction is needed. The general aim of this research is to differentiate moral obligation from moral norms and moral conviction, as well as to compare their ability to predict collective action. In order to do so, the research objectives are: a) conceptualise and operationalise moral obligation (Study 1, N= 171); b) test its predictive power for intention to participate in protests (Study 2, N= 622); and c) test moral obligation in a real context (Study 3, N= 407). Results are encouraging, showing not only that moral obligation is different to moral conviction and moral norm, but also that it is a more effective predictor working both for intention and real participation. This work therefore presents moral obligation as a key precedent of protest participation, prompting its future use as a variable that can enhance existing predictive models of collective action. Results regarding other variables are also discussed.
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“agreement with self-trascendence values, that could reinforce moral conviction supportive of collective action (Sabucedo et al., 2018; Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021)”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Sabucedo et al., 2018
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Yang, S., & Kruschke, J. K. (2024) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1177/10949968241228198 · Cited by 3
“We adapted and expanded questions from established scales of moral obligation (Metzger and Smetana 2009; Sabucedo et al. 2018).”
A model of sustainable entrepreneurial behavior
Javed, M. K., Tahir, M., Ahmad, J., Wasaya, A., Ahmed, A. U., Orangzab, Chani, M. I., & Ahmed, M. (2024) · Tourism and Hospitality Research · doi:10.1177/14673584241263029 · Cited by 3
“To measure moral obligation towards SE, a fi ve-item scale was adapted from Sabucedo et al. (2018).”
Predicting Collective Action in a Secessionist Context: Different Motives for Two Opposed Stances
Dono, M., Álzate, M., & Cameselle, J. M. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700530 · Cited by 3
Judgments of Responsibility for Inequality: A Framework and Review
Lewry, C., & Lombrozo, T. (2026) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916251393206 · Cited by 2
“Although people typically act because they believe their actions will make a difference (Hines et al., 1987; Sabucedo et al., 2018; van Zomeren et al., 2012; Zimmerman & Rappaport, 1988), this cannot account for collective-action cases in which each individual contribution makes little or no…”
The Consequences of Moral Conviction in Politics
Hanson, B. E., Wisneski, D. C., & Morgan, G. S. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.021 · Cited by 2
Sosa, A. Z., & Lena, M. M.-L. (2022) · Revista Digital Internacional de Psicología y Ciencia Social · doi:10.22402/j.rdipycs.unam.e.8.01.2022.419 · Cited by 2
Gómez-Román, C., Vila-Tojo, S., Orge, A., & Sabucedo, J.-M. (2024) · PsyEcology Bilingual Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1177/21711976241280512 · Cited by 2
“Moral obligation would act as that motivational impulse to behave in a manner consistent with our identity and value system (Sabucedo et al., 2018).”
InfluentialAcción colectiva en contra de la violencia hacia las mujeres, un análisis de redes bayesianas
Sosa, A. Z., & Lena, M. M.-L. (2021) · Psicología Iberoamericana · doi:10.48102/pi.v29i2.350 · Cited by 2
“En este sentido, algunos autores (Sabucedo et al., 2018) han propuesto el constructo de obligación moral para explicar cómo las personas deciden participar en acciones colectivas aun cuando consideran que determinada acción no tendrá ningún tipo de éxito, pues la motivación a comportarse con base…”
BackgroundInfluentialSosyal Psikoloji Perspektifinden Kolektif Eylemlere Katılmanın Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Derleme
Özkan, Z., Ünver, H., Kızık, B., Eraslan, E. G., & Çakal, H. (2022) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-10-24-10 · Cited by 3
Díez, S. S., & Zlobina, A. (2021) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/jts5.117 · Cited by 1
Adjudicating Climate Protest as a Tool of Modern Republicanism
Kuznetsov, D. (2025) · Jus Cogens · doi:10.1007/s42439-024-00097-0 · Cited by 1
“68 (Sabucedo et al. 2018).”
van Zomeren, M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197782347.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Barros, L. S. G., Pizzutti, C., de Mello, N. S. B., de Almeida, M. I. S., Isabella, G., & Baptista, P. D. P. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115913 · Cited by 1
Mishra, K., & Dutta, D. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3997-9.ch010 · Cited by 1
Wang, J., Liu, C., Paerhati, T., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., & Ku, Y. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108991 · Cited by 1
Pourquoi les convictions morales facilitent le dogmatisme, l’intolérance et la violence
Decety, J. (2023) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2023.11.001 · Cited by 3
The Alliance Theory: A Strategic Model of Moral Judgments?
Bocian, K. (2023) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2023.2274405 · Cited by 1
“Research shows that moral convictions are linked to activism behavior (Sabucedo et al. 2018), voting (Morgan, Skitka, and Wisneski 2010) and political engagement (Skitka and Bauman 2008).”
BackgroundYonita, R. S., & Halimatusyadiah, H. (2024) · EKOMBIS REVIEW Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis · doi:10.37676/ekombis.v12i1.5143 · Cited by 1
“Moral obligation refers to an individual's internal motivation to engage in norms of ethical behavior, which primarily impact human behavior through internal restrictions (Sabucedo, Dono, Alzate, & Seoane, 2018).”
BackgroundAcar, Y. G., Çoşkan, C., Önal, E. S., & Reicher, S. D. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12774 · Cited by 1
Franc, R., Pavlović, T., Soler-i-Martí, R., & Maglić, M. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2023.2229174 · Cited by 1
The Exchange Rate Volatility During Political Protests: Event Study and the Case of Belarus
Rudy, K. (2023) · International Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.5539/ijef.v15n9p37 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Sabucedo, J.-M., Dono, M., Alzate, M., & Seoane, G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Dono, Marcos
- ORCID
- Dono, Marcos
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-03-27
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 418-418
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5881521
- OpenAlex
- W2795179140
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 19.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repositorio institucional da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (University of Santiago de Compostela) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BDNS (Identif.): 316231, PSI2015-66608- P)
- Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia (2016-PG055)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- moral obligation, collective action, protest participation, moral conviction, moral norms, moral values, injustice, perceived efficacy, political identity
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