Effects of Self-Compassion Training on Work-Related Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Self-compassion, sharing some commonalities with positive psychology 2.0 approaches, is associated with better mental health outcomes in diverse populations, including workers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is heightened awareness of the importance of self-care for fostering mental health at work. However, evidence regarding the applications of self-compassion interventions in work-related contexts has not been systematically reviewed to date. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize and evaluate the utility of self-compassion interventions targeting work-related well-being, as well as assess the methodological quality of relevant studies. Eligible articles were identified from research databases including ProQuest, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The quality of non-randomized trials and randomized controlled trials was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Quality Assessment Table, respectively. The literature search yielded 3,387 titles from which ten studies met the inclusion criteria. All ten studies reported promising effects of self-compassion training for work-related well-being. The methodological quality of these studies was medium. All ten studies recruited workers in a caring field and were mostly conducted in Western countries. The Self-Compassion Scale or its short-form was used in almost all instances. Findings indicate that self-compassion training can improve self-compassion and other work-related well-being outcomes in working populations. However, in general, there is need for greater methodological quality in work-related self-compassion intervention studies to advance understanding regarding the applications and limitations of this technique in work contexts. Furthermore, future studies should focus on a broader range of employee groups, including non-caring professions as well as individuals working in non-Western countries.
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Adherence difficulties are a common aspect in MBIs.
“This is a common aspect in MBIs [58]”
From Pilot study of an online brief mindfulness-based intervention to improve the well-being of managers and reduce their stress at work. (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
The Results > Risk of Bias section (page unavailable) reports that fewer than 80% of participants in one trial completed its final assessment. Searches for adherence, engagement, dropout, and mindfulness-based interventions found no passage saying that adherence difficulties are common in MBIs; the reported trial attrition does not establish that broader claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Aledeh, M., Sokan‐Adeaga, A. A., Adam, H., Aledeh, S., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00110-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationRavina-Ripoll, R., & Ramírez, R. R. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01937-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-compassion, mental health shame and work motivation in German and Japanese employees
Kotera, Y., Mayer, C., & Vanderheiden, E. (2022) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2022.2148829 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationCompassion in Healthcare: A Narrative Review of Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Poudel, D. B., Aledeh, M., Parveen, N., Ishfaq, M., Golbourn, L.-M., Ali, Y., Lazzari, C. G., & Kotera, Y. (2025) · Journal of Healthcare Leadership · doi:10.2147/jhl.s555896 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationUneno, Y., Kotera, Y., Fujisawa, D., Kataoka, Y., Kosugi, K., Murata, N., Kessoku, T., Ozaki, A., Miyatake, H., & Muto, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067187 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationBrophy, K., Emery, M., MacDonald, C., Côté, C. I., & Körner, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305776 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Thomsen, H. S., Jørgensen, B. E., Schøtz, J. K., Bech, L. M., & Grønkjær, L. L. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-01888-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fatemi, J., Vagharseyyedin, S. A., & Askari-Noghani, A. (2024) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2024.2371942 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kotera, Y., Asano, K., Jones, J., Colman, R. D., Taylor, E., Aledeh, M., Barnes, K., Golbourn, L.-M., & Kishimoto, K. (2023) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2230908 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Link between Mindfulness and Self-Compassion: A Meta-Analysis
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-025-00228-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
PITCH: Designing Agentic Conversational Support for Planning and Self-reflection
Abbas, A., Wohn, C., Hu, D., Rho, E., & Lee, S. W. (2025) · International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3719160.3736634 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Qualitative Investigation into Pre- and Post-Natal Experience of Parents of Triplets
Kotera, Y., Kaluževičiūtė, G., & Viliardos, L. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02200-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationTran, T. P., Vo, A. N., An, N. H., & Nguyen, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00509-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liu, C., Lin, L.-J., Zhang, K., & Chiou, W. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070909 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
HARMANCI, H., & Akdeniz, S. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221149173 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mandliya, A., & Pandey, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142309 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Supporting early childhood teacher well-being through the practice of mindful self-compassion
O’Hara-Gregan, J. (2023) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/18369391231202833 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kurosawa, T., Adachi, K., & Takizawa, R. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/53541 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Asensio-Martínez, Á., Adame, L., Aguilar-Latorre, A., Millán, B., Domínguez-García, M., & Magallón-Botaya, R. (2024) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2024.2358676 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The results are supported by the systematic review carried out by Kotera and Van Gordon [58] which confirmed how training practices in self-compassion increase work-related well-being, in the education, health and service sectors.”
Wang, H., He, G., Wang, E., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, M. Q., Zhu, Y., & Kong, F. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12593 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hui, Z., Wang, C., Sun, J., Han, W., Wang, T., Li, J., Fan, Y., Wu, W., Sun, N., Zhang, Z., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20293-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Huang, P., Lin, Z., Wang, B., & Du, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1510987 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Caring for the Carer – Self-Compassion in the Health Professions
Pavlova, A., & Consedine, N. S. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Chang, H., Guo, S., Gao, X. L., Wang, L., & Ma, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1420384 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Role of Compassion during the Shift to Online Teaching for Language Teacher Wellbeing
Mairitsch, A., Babić, S., Mercer, S., Sulis, G., & Shin, S. K. (2023) · Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.31261/tapsla.13123 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Prevalence and Benefits of Self-Compassion Among Professional Caregivers
Lathren, C., Efird, L., Reed, D., Zimmerman, S. I., Perreira, K. M., Bluth, K., & Sloane, P. D. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105099 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-compassion interventions for nursing students: A scoping review
Inuwa, A., & Esmaeilzadeh, S. (2025) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2025.104556 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Understanding emotional and health indicators underlying the burnout risk of healthcare workers
Güveyi, E., Elvin, G., Kennedy, A., Kurt, Z., Sice, P. V., Patel, P., Dubruel, A., & Heckels, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302604 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
From theory to practice: a participatory HR-led training programme for employee wellbeing
Shekhar, A., Saurombe, M. D., & Joseph, R. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2025.1624518 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Healy, K., Payne, K., & Kirby, J. N. (2024) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/03128962241270860 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Aledeh, M., Sokan‐Adeaga, A. A., Adam, H., Aledeh, S., & Kotera, Y. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-024-00447-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationBailey, A., Kooij, D. T. A. M., de Reuver, R. S. M., & Kupper, N. H. M. (2026) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70163 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Writing to your past-self can make you feel better
Sugimori, E., Yamaguchi, M., & Kusumi, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1327595 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Macleod, E., Curll, S. L., Walker, I., Cruwys, T., Greenwood, L.-M., Reynolds, J., Lane, J., Galati, C., Christensen, B., & Calear, A. L. (2025) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105195 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brophy, K., Emery, M., MacDonald, C., Bigelow, A., Ernst, J., Graser, J., Lyons, N., & Körner, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02545-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kaneda, Y., Hori, A., Kotera, Y., Wada, M., Sawano, T., Kanemoto, Y., Kurokawa, T., Tsubokura, M., Tanimoto, T. E., Ejiri, T., et al. (2022) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.6680 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationEditorial: Compassion: from neuroscience to new horizons and innovative, inclusive research agendas
Waddington, K., Manley, J., Edginton, T. L., & Kanov, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1324381 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kishimoto, K., Asano, K., Colman, R. D., Kameo, Y., Aledeh, M., Barnes, K., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Mental Health, Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2024.2313462
Self-citationWeerasekara, N., & Kariyapperuma, S. K. (2025) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-03-2025-0209 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rammou, A., Allan, S. M., Dean-Tozer, M., & Baker, J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333582 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chan, M. S., & Halim, H. A. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2580034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cross-cultural perspectives on mental health shame among male workers
Kotera, Y., Jackson, J. E., Aledeh, M., Edwards, A., Veasey, C. M., Barnes, K., Komorowska, M. A., Adam, H., & Kirkman, A. (2023) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.22514/jomh.2023.018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBreast Cancer Understanding Among University Students: A Rapid Review of Cross-country Comparisons
Colman, R. D., Kirkman, A., Jackson, J. E., Golbourn, L.-M., Ozaki, A., & Kotera, Y. (2023) · Archives of Breast Cancer · doi:10.32768/abc.2023102114-123 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTavares, L., Vagos, P., Cunha, M. I. V. A., & Xavier, A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02441-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Work-related well-being in early career: A role of self-compassion
Krejčová, K., Krejčí, I., Chýlová, H., Rymešová, P., & Michálek, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41377 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-Compassion and Spiritual Well-Being Among Employees in Educational Institutions
Tandukar, R., Shah, N. K., & Adhikari, B. (2024) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Innovation in Nepalese Academia · doi:10.3126/idjina.v3i2.73213 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Communication in dentistry: application of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to reduce patients’ anxiety
Adams, L., Martínez-Rives, N. L., Edwards, A., Komorowska, M. A., & Kotera, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Spa and Wellness · doi:10.1080/24721735.2023.2204545 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWork Well-Being During COVID-19: A Survey of Canadian Early Childhood Education and Care Managers
Bigras, N., Fortin, G., Lemay, L., Robert-Mazaye, C., Charron, A., & Duval, S. (2022) · Educating the young child · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96977-6_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-Compassion and Personal Resources in Workers during the Pandemic: A Multidisciplinary View
Palermo, S., Grandi, A., Martoni, M., Giannandrea, A., Sist, L., Zito, M., Russo, V., & Colombo, L. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.108278 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yeshua, M., & Zohar, A. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12676 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Promoting Workplace Mental Health for Hospital Social Workers Using Compassionate Mind Training
Tay, P. L., Kerk, E. L., Lau, M., & Goh, S. (2024) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2404064 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects on psychological well-being of a self-compassion training program in student nurses
Carmona-Gutiérrez, A., Fernández, M. D. R., Ortega‐Galán, Á. M., Henríquez, D., & Castillo-Mansilla, D. (2025) · Teaching and learning in nursing · doi:10.1016/j.teln.2025.04.026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Voyer, C., Corbière, M., Villotti, P., Stamate, A. N., & Sauvé, G. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.107997 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mann, A., Fainstad, T. L., Sullivan, I., Ritz, E. M., SooHoo, J. R., Mechaber, H. F., & Shah, A. N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328546 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kotera, Y., Wilkes, J., & Colman, R. D. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009407427.013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTakahashi, E., Fukuda, R., Takahashi, T., & Katsuragawa, T. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334753 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validation of the Workplace Compassion Scale for the Portuguese Population
Martins, F. J., Bártolo, A., Palmeira, L., & Matos, M. (2025) · Psychological Test Adaptation and Development · doi:10.1027/2698-1866/a000113 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using mobile apps to improve mental health (literature review)
Грибкова, И. В. (2025) · Health Care of the Russian Federation · doi:10.47470/0044-197x-2025-69-6-561-566 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lazzari, C. G., Crawford, P., & Kotera, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1704798 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Compassion in Multicultural, Multifaith Communities, and Workplace Environments
Lazzari, C. G., & Kotera, Y. (2026) · Advances in mental health and addiction · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12438-8_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDeylampasha, M., Jafari, H., Ahmadzadeh-Zeidi, M. J., Nia, H. S., & Shafipour, V. (2026) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-026-04747-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Niazi, M., Sefat, F. F. M., & Meshgi, S. (2022) · Journal of Health and Care · doi:10.52547/jhc.23.4.289 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ueki, S., Kaneda, Y., Ozaki, A., Kotera, Y., Tanimoto, T. E., Omoto, Y., Kurosaki, K., Yamazaki, H., Yoshida, T., Mizoue, N., et al. (2024) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-024-01722-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationA Commentary on Thomas et al. (2024): Band-Aids on Bullet Wounds
Beekman, E. M., & Adiasto, K. (2025) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011241312452 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Designing Microlearning Programmes for Centennials Taste
Fabiani, M., & Pastore, P. (2023) · Community Notebook People Education and Welfare in the Society 5 0 · doi:10.61007/qdc.2023.2.133 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Charitidou, A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vd9bc · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-compassion is linked to positive affect and buffers declines in self-esteem in low performersPreprint
Weis, J. F., Krach, S., Paulus, F. M., & Stolz, D. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687618 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
الشفقة بالذات القائمة على المعرفة كمدخل لخفض إعاقة الذات الأكادیمیة والتسویف الأكادیمی لطلاب الجامعة
منتصر, غ. ع. ا. ع. ا. (2023) · المجلة المصرية للدراسات النفسية · doi:10.21608/ejcj.2023.295077
Peña-Muñante, G. S. (2023) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/ap.v41i2.1540
Well-Being at Work and Sustainability in Public Services: Brazilian University Case
Borges, R. R., Dinis, M. A. P., & Barros, N. A. (2023) · Implementing the UN sustainable development goals - regional perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91188-1_10-1
Well-Being at Work and Sustainability in Public Services: Brazilian University Case
Borges, R. R., Dinis, M. A. P., & Barros, N. A. (2023) · Implementing the UN sustainable development goals - regional perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16017-2_10
المكاوي, م. ر. إ., & السعود, ش. م. ا. أ. (2023) · مجلة كلية التربية جامعة بنها · doi:10.21608/jfeb.2023.241562.1770
Grundlagen des Selbstmitgefühls
Jansen, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67840-4_2
- Authors
- Kotera, Y., & Van Gordon, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Derby (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kotera, Yasuhiro
- ORCID
- Kotera, Yasuhiro
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-04-23
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 630798-630798
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8102699
- OpenAlex
- W3159166417
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- self-compassion training, work-related well-being, employee mental health, self-compassion interventions, positive psychology interventions, caring professions, Self-Compassion Scale
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