Buddhist-Derived Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation for the Treatment of Psychopathology: a Systematic Review

Shonin, Edo; Van Gordon, William; Compare, Angelo; Zangeneh, Masood; Griffiths, Mark D.

doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0368-1

Cited by 268Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsReligion, Spirituality, and PsychologyPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

Buddhist-Derived Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation for the Treatment of Psychopathology: a Systematic Review

Shonin, Edo, Van Gordon, William, Compare, Angelo, Zangeneh, Masood, Griffiths, Mark D.·2015·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-014-0368-1

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A recent review of LKM and CM found these techniques ill-defined and lacking standardised protocols.
“For example, a recent review of LKM and CM found these techniques ill-defined and lacking standardised protocols19.”
From The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The Clinical Integration Issues section says studies sometimes use LKM and CM interchangeably and calls for clear working definitions, supporting the claim that the techniques are ill-defined. The Limitations of the Current Evidence Base section says few studies assessed whether interventions followed their delivery plans, but our copy does not establish that standardized protocols are lacking. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Mounting research suggests LKM increases positive self-regard and positive feelings towards others.
“Mounting research42 suggests that LKM increases both positive self-regard as well as positive feelings towards others.”
From Infertility-related distress and clinical targets for psychotherapy: A qualitative study (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Previous articles have reviewed the clinical benefits of compassion meditation (CM) and loving kindness meditation (LKM), both of which include a concern with stimulating positive other-centred emotions.
“Previous articles have reviewed the clinical benefits of compassion meditation (CM) and loving kindness meditation (LKM), both of which include a concern with stimulating positive other-centred emotions17–19.”
From The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [19]

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Buddhist philosophy for the treatment of problem gambling
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Brain Activation During Compassion Meditation: A Case Study
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Identifying Factors Affecting Utilization of an Inpatient Palliative Care Service: A Physician Survey
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Short-Term Training in Loving-Kindness Meditation Produces a State, But Not a Trait, Alteration of Attention
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Dispositional Mindfulness, Meditation, and Conditional Goal Setting
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Mindfulness and the Four Noble Truths
Gordon, W. V., Shonin, E., Griffiths, M. D., & Singh, N. N. (2015) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18591-0_2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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The Impact of Loving-Kindness Meditation on Affective Learning and Cognitive Control
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AN ANALOGUE STUDY OF LOVING-KINDNESS MEDITATION AS A BUFFER AGAINST SOCIAL STRESS
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Affect Valuation Index
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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Meditation on Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behaviors
Luberto, C. M., Shinday, N., Song, R., Philpotts, L. L., Park, E. R., Fricchione, G. L., & Yeh, G. Y. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0841-8 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: a meta-analytic review
Zeng, X., Chiu, C. P. K., Wang, R., Oei, T. P. S., & Leung, F. Y. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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The relevance of self‐compassion as an intervention target in mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review based on an emotion regulation framework
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Effects of Self-Compassion Training on Work-Related Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Kotera, Y., & Van Gordon, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630798 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
González-García, M., Álvarez, J. C., Pérez, E. Z., Fernandez-Carriba, S., & López, J. G. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01632-6 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Research has shown that this second generation of MBIs may promote mental health, social connection, and prosocial behavior (Kirby et al., 2017; Shonin et al., 2015, 2017).”
Background
Getting Personal with Mindfulness: a Latent Profile Analysis of Mindfulness and Psychological Outcomes
Bravo, A. J., Boothe, L. G., & Pearson, M. R. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0459-7 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Meditation awareness training for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
Gordon, W. V., Shonin, E., Dunn, T. J., García‐Campayo, J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12224 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation
Simon, R., & EngstrÃ¶m, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
From Self to Nonself: The Nonself Theory
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Improving Communication between Physicians and Their Patients through Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Strategies: A Narrative Review
Amutio, A., García‐Campayo, J., Delgado, L., Hermosilla, D., & Martínez-Taboada, C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm6030033 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A model for cognitively-based compassion training: theoretical underpinnings and proposed mechanisms
Ash, M. J., Harrison, T., Pinto, M. D., DiClemente, R. J., & Negi, L. T. (2019) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-019-00124-x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Evoking Physiological Synchrony and Empathy Using Social VR With Biofeedback
Salminen, M., Järvelä, S., Ruonala, A., Harjunen, V. J., Hamari, J., Jacucci, G., & Ravaja, N. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2019.2958657 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mindfulness and the contemplative life: pathways to connection, insight, and purpose
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Emotional Stability and Self-Esteem as Mediators Between Mindfulness and Happiness
Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Sengupta, S. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0046-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Effect of Mindfulness Practice on Aggression and Violence Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review
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COVID-19 Lockdown and Mental Health in a Sample Population in Spain: The Role of Self-Compassion
Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Fanjul, L. F., Díaz, A., Reyes-Hurtado, P., Herrera-Rodríguez, J. F., Enjuto-Castellanos, M. D. P., & Castro, W. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042103 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-criticism: A measure of uncompassionate behaviors toward the self, based on the negative components of the self-compassion scale
Montero-Marín, J., Gaete, J., Demarzo, M., Rodero, B., Lopez, L. C. S., & García-Campayo, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01281 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Loving-Kindness Meditation Promotes Mental Health in University Students
Totzeck, C., Teismann, T., Hofmann, S. G., von Brachel, R., Pflug, V., Wannemüller, A., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01375-w · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Health school-based mindfulness interventions for improving mental health: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies
Sapthiang, S., Van Gordon, W., & Shonin, E. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01482-w · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Eligible papers: N = 7 Main reasons for exclusion: -Not involving school-going students: N = 35 -Not published in a refereed journal: N = 26 -Other: N = 14 Excluded papers: N = 75 Fig. 1 PRISMA flow diagram of the paper selection process Journal of Child and Family Studies (2019) 28:2650–2658 2653”
Self-citation
Effects of Attachment-Based Compassion Therapy (ABCT) on Self-compassion and Attachment Style in Healthy People
Navarro-Gil, M., Lopez-del-Hoyo, Y., Modrego-Alarcón, M., Montero-Marin, J., Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0896-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ontological addiction theory: Attachment to me, mine, and I
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Self-citation
The Four Immeasurables Meditations: Differential Effects of Appreciative Joy and Compassion Meditations on Emotions
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Scared of compassion: Fear of compassion in anxiety, mood, and non‐clinical groups
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Mindfulness in education for sustainable development to nurture socioemotional competencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gómez‐Olmedo, A. M., Valor, C., & Bosch, I. C. (2020) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2020.1777264 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Infertility-related distress and clinical targets for psychotherapy: A qualitative study
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Recovering the Relational Starting Point of Compassion Training: A Foundation for Sustainable and Inclusive Care
Condon, P., & Makransky, J. J. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620922200 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mindfulness is not enough: Why equanimity holds the key to compassion
Weber, J. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2017.09.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Development of the Appreciative Joy Scale
Zeng, X., Liao, R., Zhang, R., Oei, T. P. S., Yao, Z., Leung, F. Y. K., & Liu, X. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0599-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Effect of Four Immeasurables Meditations on Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lv, J., Liu, Q., Zeng, X., Oei, T. P. S., Liu, Y., Xu, K., Sun, W., Hou, H., & Liu, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101814 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Light and the Dark of Mindful Social Capital: Right Mindfulness and Social Capital Development
Burton, N., & Vu, M. C. (2020) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12427 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Reducing compulsive Internet use and anxiety symptoms via two brief interventions: A comparison between mindfulness and gradual muscle relaxation
Quinones, C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.45 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Pilot Study of the 8-Week Mindful Self-Compassion Training Program in a Chinese Community Sample
Finlay‐jones, A. L., Xie, Q., Huang, X., Ma, X., & Guo, X. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0838-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mental Health, Religion, and Spirituality
Oman, D., & Lukoff, D. G. (2018) · Religion, spirituality and health: a social scientific approach · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73966-3_13 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Heart of Joy: a Randomized Controlled Trail Evaluating the Effect of an Appreciative Joy Meditation Training on Subjective Well-Being and Attitudes
Zeng, X., Wang, R., Oei, T. P. S., & Leung, F. Y. K. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0992-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ontological Addiction: Classification, Etiology, and Treatment
Shonin, E., Gordon, W. V., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0501-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
When Being “Essential” Illuminates Disparities: Counseling Clients Affected by COVID‐19
Litam, S. D. A., & Hipolito‐Delgado, C. P. (2020) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12349 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Meditation Awareness Training for Individuals with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Participants’ Experiences
Gordon, W. V., Shonin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0458-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
Motivational interviewing in compassion‐based interventions: Theory and practical applications
Steindl, S. R., Kirby, J. N., & Tellegan, C. (2018) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12146 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Using mindfulness to improve quality of life in caregivers of individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Medvedev, O. N., Hwang, Y., Myers, R. E., & Townshend, K. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1827211 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Happiness, love, and compassion as antidotes for anxiety
Demorest, A. (2020) · Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1627399 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Compassionate acts and everyday emotional well-being among newlyweds.
Reis, H. T., Maniaci, M. R., & Rogge, R. D. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000281 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Associations between Amount of Meditation Practice and Outcomes in Interventions Using the Four Immeasurables Meditations
Zeng, X., Chio, F. H. N., Oei, T. P. S., Leung, F. Y. K., & Liu, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00141 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Mediating Role of Shared Flow and Perceived Emotional Synchrony on Compassion for Others in a Mindful-Dancing Program
Pizarro, J. J., Basabe, N., Amutio, A., Telletxea, S., Harizmendi, M., & Gordon, W. V. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01200-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Adopting Mindfulness Practice and Reperceiving: a Qualitative Investigation of CARE for Teachers
Schussler, D. L., DeWeese, A., Rasheed, D. S., DeMauro, A. A., Fosco, S. L. D., Brown, J. L., Greenberg, M. T., & Jennings, P. A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01228-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of compassion training on brain responses to suffering others
Ashar, Y. K., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Halifax, J. S., Dimidjian, S., & Wager, T. D. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab052 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…samples (Galante et al. , 2014; Quaglia et al. , 2020), mitigate burnout in medical providers (Van Berkhout and Malouff, 2015) and improve symptoms and functioning in several patient populations (Hofmann et al. , 2011; Gilbert, 2014; Darnall, 2015; Shonin et al. , 2015; Berry et al. , 2020).”
The effectiveness of compassion-based interventions among cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fan, Y.-C., Hsiao, F.-H., & Hsieh, C.-C. (2023) · Palliative and Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951522001316 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Meta-analysis of Loving-Kindness Meditations on Self-Compassion
Reilly, E. B., & Stuyvenberg, C. L. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01972-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effects of loving-kindness and compassion meditation on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zheng, Y., Yan, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Sun, W., Lv, J., Zhou, J., Gu, X., Zhao, X., Luo, W., et al. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02121-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Comparing the Effects of Loving-Kindness Meditation (LKM), Music and LKM Plus Music on Psychological Well-Being
Sorensen, S., Steindl, S. R., Dingle, G. A., & Garcia, A. (2018) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2018.1516610 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…research demonstrating that LKM improves well-being on a number of health and mental health variables, as well as mindfulness (Galante et al. 2014; Shonin et al. 2015), research demonstrating that short-term compassion training programs using LKM are an effective way of increasing well-being…”
Effect of a Compassion Cultivation Training Program for Caregivers of People With Mental Illness in Denmark
Hansen, N. H., Juul, L., Pallesen, K. J., & Fjorback, L. O. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1020 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mindfulness and the Four Noble Truths
Gordon, W. V., Shonin, E., Griffiths, M. D., & Singh, N. N. (2015) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18591-0_2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitively‐Based Compassion Training for parents reduces cortisol in infants and young children
Poehlmann, J., Engbretson, A. M., Vigna, A. J., Weymouth, L., Burnson, C., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Kapoor, A., Gerstein, E. D., Fanning, K. A., & Raison, C. L. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21831 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Investigating Psychometric Properties of the Self-Compassion Scale Using Rasch Methodology
Finaulahi, K. P., Sumich, A. L., Heym, N., & Medvedev, O. N. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01539-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of Kindness- and Compassion-Based Meditation on Wellbeing, Prosociality, and Cognitive Functioning in Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review
Perkins, N., Sehmbi, T., & Smith, P. A. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01925-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Trauma-Adapted Mindfulness and Loving-Kindness Intervention for Patients with PTSD After Interpersonal Violence: a Multiple-Baseline Study
Müller-Engelmann, M., Schreiber, C., Kümmerle, S., Heidenreich, T., Stangier, U., & Steil, R. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1068-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identifying Core Program Components of Mindfulness-Based Programming for Youth: Delphi Approach Consensus Outcomes
Felver, J. C., Cary, E. L., Helminen, E. C., Schutt, M. K. A., Gould, L. F., Greenberg, M. T., Roeser, R. W., Baelen, R. N., & Schussler, D. L. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02015-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Integrating Metta Into CBT: How Loving Kindness and Compassion Meditation Can Enhance CBT for Treating Anxiety and Depression
Stefan, S., & Hofmann, S. (2019) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.v1i3.32941 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Caregiver Burden and Depression Among Chinese Family Caregivers: the Role of Self-compassion
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Authors: Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Compare, A., Zangeneh, M., & Griffiths, M. D.
Affiliations: Nottingham Trent University (GB)
University of Bergamo (IT)
University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Shonin, Edo
ORCID: Shonin, Edo
Compare, Angelo
Zangeneh, Masood
Griffiths, Mark D.
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-12-16
Volume: 6
Issue: 5
Pages: 1161-1180
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-014-0368-1
OpenAlex: W1971757035
Cited by: 268
References: 127
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7
FWCI: 1.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
Aisberg (University of Bergamo) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: loving-kindness meditation, compassion meditation, psychopathology, Axis I disorders, psychological distress, positive and negative affect, positive thinking, interpersonal relationships, empathic accuracy, mindfulness-based interventions, clinical integration

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