Changes in Size and Interpretation of Parameter Estimates in Within-Person Models in the Presence of Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Covariates
Open accessAbstract
For several decades, cross-lagged panel models (CLPM) have been the dominant statistical model in relationship research for investigating reciprocal associations between two (or more) constructs over time. However, recent methodological research has questioned the frequent usage of the CLPM because, amongst other things, the model commingles within-person associations with between-person associations, while most developmental research questions pertain to within-person processes. Furthermore, the model presumes that there are no third variables that confound the relationships between the longitudinally assessed variables. Therefore, the usage of alternative models such as the Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) or the Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM-SR) has been suggested. These models separate between-person from within-person variation and they also control for time constant covariates. However, there might also be third variables that are not stable but rather change across time and that can confound the relationships between the variables studied in these models. In the present article, we explain the differences between the two types of confounders and investigate how they affect the parameter estimates of within-person models such as the RI-CLPM and the LCM-SR.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
RI-CLPM effectively distinguish between-person and within-person variation.
“while these models effectively distinguish between-person and within-person variation and attempt to account for time-invariant confounding, they do not address the potential impact of time-varying confounders (Mund et al., 2021).”
From Mediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Mund et al., 2021
RI-CLPM attempt to account for time-invariant confounding.
“while these models effectively distinguish between-person and within-person variation and attempt to account for time-invariant confounding, they do not address the potential impact of time-varying confounders (Mund et al., 2021).”
From Mediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Mund et al., 2021
RI-CLPM do not address the potential impact of time-varying confounders.
“while these models effectively distinguish between-person and within-person variation and attempt to account for time-invariant confounding, they do not address the potential impact of time-varying confounders (Mund et al., 2021).”
From Mediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Mund et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
<b>lavaan</b> : An <i>R</i> Package for Structural Equation Modeling
Rosseel, Y. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02 · Cited by 27,955 · see citing works
Diener, E. (1984) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2 · Cited by 11,469 · see citing works
Diener, E. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542 · Cited by 11,023
ФАКТОРЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА
М.Р., Н., & С.И., Б. (2026) · CyberLeninK (CyberLeninka) · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.170.43 · Cited by 7,967 · see citing works
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143 · see citing works
(2010) · Cited by 7,034 · see citing works
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417632 · Cited by 6,567 · see citing works
A critique of the cross-lagged panel model
Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0038889 · Cited by 4,005 · see citing works
Fixed Effects Regression Models
Allison, P. (2009) · doi:10.4135/9781412993869 · Cited by 3,999 · see citing works
Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling
Howard, A. L. (2013) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2013.769397 · Cited by 3,465 · see citing works
High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being
Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011492107 · Cited by 3,162 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2004; De Neve and Oswald, 2012) or whether income influences life satisfaction (Schyns, 2001; Frijters et al., 2004; Graham et al., 2004; Diener et al., 2010; Kahneman and Deaton, 2010).”
BackgroundDolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001 · Cited by 3,121 · see citing works
The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197 · Cited by 2,898 · see citing works
The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change
Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356 · Cited by 2,056 · see citing works
Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.4.305 · Cited by 1,946 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, when considering life satisfaction, some individuals might always be more satisfied than others, relatively independent of current circumstances or external influences (Diener et al., 2006; Lucas, 2007).”
BackgroundCross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.4.653 · Cited by 1,835 · see citing works
Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2005) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/0471746096 · Cited by 1,731 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being?
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1014411319119 · Cited by 1,555 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Across several studies, a robust correlation between life satisfaction and income has been reported (for reviews, see Diener, 1984; Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002).”
BackgroundInference by Eye: Confidence Intervals and How to Read Pictures of Data.
Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.2.170 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
Latent Curve Models: A Structural Equation Perspective
Horan, P. M. (2006) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/009430610603500650 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Endogenous Selection Bias: The Problem of Conditioning on a Collider Variable
Elwert, F., & Winship, C. (2014) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043455 · Cited by 1,168 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Finally, when possible, as many assumptions as possible about the variables included in a model should be tested (Elwert and Winship, 2014; Brick and Bailey, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialThree Extensions of the Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model
Mulder, J. D., & Hamaker, E. L. (2021) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2020.1784738 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Cohen, P. (1980) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(80)90009-9 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Constraints on Generality (COG): A Proposed Addition to All Empirical Papers
Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617708630 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Diener, E., Ng, S. H., Harter, J. K., & Arora, R. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018066 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025558 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Testing prospective effects in longitudinal research: Comparing seven competing cross-lagged models.
Orth, U., Clark, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000358 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Recommendations for Increasing Replicability in Psychology
Asendorpf, J. B., Conner, M. T., Fruyt, F. D., Houwer, J. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Fiedler, K., Fiedler, S., Funder, D. C., Kliegl, R. M., Nosek, B. A., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1919 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Lucas, R. E. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00479.x · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Stability of self-esteem across the life span.
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.205 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Berry, D., & Willoughby, M. T. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12660 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
A critique of cross-lagged correlation.
Rogosa, D. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.245 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Frijters, P., Haisken‐DeNew, J. P., & Shields, M. A. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828041464551 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Wang, L. P., & Maxwell, S. E. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000030 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Huinink, J. J., Brüderl, J., Nauck, B., Walper, S., Castiglioni, L., & Feldhaus, M. (2011) · Journal of Family Research · doi:10.20377/jfr-235 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
De Lange *, A. H., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A. J., Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (2004) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370412331270860 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Curran, P., Howard, A. L., Bainter, S. A., Lane, S. T., & Mcginley, J. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035297 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Orth, U., Erol, R. Y., & Luciano, E. C. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000161 · Cited by 438 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2003; Kuster and Orth, 2013) and within persons (Mund and Neyer, 2016; Orth et al., 2018).”
BackgroundA unified framework of longitudinal models to examine reciprocal relations.
Usami, S., Murayama, K., & Hamaker, E. L. (2019) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000210 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-reported Life Satisfaction and 20-Year Mortality in Healthy Finnish Adults
Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. T. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/152.10.983 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Mund, M., & Nestler, S. (2018) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2018.10.002 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing simple and complex growth models to articulate developmental change: Matching theory to method
Ram, N., & Grimm, K. J. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407077751 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Assessing psychological change in adulthood: An overview of methodological issues
Hertzog, C., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.639 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Jan-emmanuel De Neve, A., & Oswald, A. J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1211437109 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Dispositional Affect and Job Outcomes
Diener, E., Nickerson, C., Lucas, R. E., & Sandvik, E. (2002) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1019672513984 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Influences and Consequences of Well-being Among Australian Young People: 1980–1995
Marks, G. N., & Fleming, N. (1999) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006928507272 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The Prospective Effect of Life Satisfaction on Life Events
Luhmann, M., Lucas, R. E., Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612440105 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Does happiness pay?An exploration based on panel data from Russia
Graham, C. L., Eggers, A. C., & Sukhtankar, S. (2004) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/s0167-2681(04)00047-2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Community Participation and Psychological Empowerment
Christens, B. D., Peterson, N. A., & Speer, P. W. (2011) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198110372880 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Testing the Causal Links Between School Climate, School Violence, and School Academic Performance
Benbenishty, R., Astor, R. A., Roziner, I., & Wrabel, S. L. (2016) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x16644603 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Giudice, M. D., & Gangestad, S. W. (2021) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245920954925 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Grimm, K. J. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407077754 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The Long-Term Stability of Self-Esteem: Its Time-Dependent Decay and Nonzero Asymptote
Kuster, F., & Orth, U. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213480189 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Drago, F. (2011) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.015 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap
Fields, J., & Wolff, E. N. (1995) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/001979399504900107 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Income and Satisfaction in Russia
Schyns, P. (2001) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1011564631319 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., & Ellickson, P. L. (2005) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.139 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Dynamics of Self–Esteem in Partner Relationships
Mund, M., Finn, C. T., Hagemeyer, B., Zimmermann, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1984 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationInter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap: Evidence from European countries
Rycx, F., Gannon, B., Plasman, R., & Tojerow, I. (2007) · Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Autoregressive longitudinal models.
Biesanz, J. C. (2012) · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sensitivity of Fit Indices to Misspecification in Growth Curve Models
Wu, W., & West, S. G. (2010) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2010.483378 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pathways between self-esteem and depression in couples.
Johnson, M. D., Galambos, N. L., Finn, C., Neyer, F. J., & Horne, R. M. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000276 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationInter-Industry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from European CountriesPreprint
Gannon, B., Plasman, R., Rycx, F., & Tojerow, I. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.706345 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effects of minimum wage policy implementation: Compensation, work behaviors, and quality of life
Ahmat, N. H. C., Arendt, S. W., & Russell, D. W. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hounkpatin, H. O., Boyce, C. J., Dunn, G., & Wood, A. M. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000161 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The developmental course of supportive dyadic coping in couples.
Johnson, M. D., Horne, R. M., & Galovan, A. M. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000216 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationMandys, F., Dolan, C. V., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1994) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986019003201 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rising High or Falling Deep? Pathways of Self–Esteem in a Representative German Sample
Mund, M., & Neyer, F. J. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2063 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationCausal Effects of Well-Being on Health: It's ComplicatedPreprint
Rohrer, J. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wgbe4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Personality Development in Adulthood
Mund, M., Zimmermann, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2018) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526451200.n15 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationRock the MIC: The Matrix of Implied Causation, a Tool for Experimental Design and Model Checking
Brick, T. R., & Bailey, D. H. (2020) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245920922775 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Scott, P. (2020) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2020.1819815 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Marsh, H. W., Pekrun, R. H., & Lüdtke, O. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09662-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Causal Relationship between Learner Motivation and Language Achievement: New Dynamic Perspective
Alamer, A., & Alrabai, F. (2022) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amac035 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Within‐family relations of mental health problems across childhood and adolescence
Speyer, L. G., Hall, H. A., Hang, Y., Hughes, C. H., & Murray, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13572 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Shepherd, D. L. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114830 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
sparks, R. L., & Alamer, A. (2022) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688221104392 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
van Dijk, W., de Moor, M. H. M., Oosterman, M., Huizink, A. C., & Matvienko‐Sikar, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.942363 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Choate, A. M., Bornovalova, M. A., Hipwell, A. E., Chung, T. A., & Stepp, S. D. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000463 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A longitudinal analysis of conspiracy beliefs and Covid-19 health responses
van Prooijen, J., Amodio, D. M., Boot, A. B., Eerland, A., Etienne, T. W., Krouwel, A. P. M., Onderčo, M., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & Zwaan, R. A. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002938 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Older Adult Employment Status and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Bidirectional Analysis
Chia, J. L., & Hartanto, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312533 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zheng, B., & Valente, M. J. (2022) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2022.2149534 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hodson, G., & Meleady, R. (2023) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001210 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bidirectional Within- and Between-Person Relations Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function
Stenling, A., Sörman, D. E., Lindwall, M., & Machado, L. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab234 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Schertler, M., Glumann, N. V., & Boehm, S. A. (2023) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2022.0133 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rethinking Autism Intervention Science: A Dynamic Perspective
Chen, Y., Duku, E., & Georgiades, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827406 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Robertson, M. C., Downer, B. G., Schulz, P. E., Samper‐Ternent, R., Lyons, E., & Milani, S. A. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad082 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Developmental co‐occurrence of psychopathology dimensions in childhood
Allegrini, A. G., van Beijsterveldt, T., Boomsma, D. I., Rimfeld, K., Pingault, J., Plomin, R. J., Bartels, M., & Nivard, M. G. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12100 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Disentangling between‐ and within‐person variation in relationship science
Mund, M., Park, Y., & Nestler, S. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12999 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationVecchione, M., Vacca, M., Dentale, F., Spagnolo, G., Lombardo, C., Geukes, K., & Back, M. D. (2023) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12441 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Univariate Autoregressive Structural Equation Models as Mixed-Effects Models
Nestler, S., & Humberg, S. (2023) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2023.2212865 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationUrke, H. B., Kristensen, S. M., Bøe, T., de Matos, M. G., Wiium, N., Årdal, E., & Larsen, T. B. (2023) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2023.2275574 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Longitudinal Stability and Interrelations of Tonic and Phasic Irritability in Adolescent Girls
Zhang, Y., Silver, J., Perlman, G., Kotov, R., Klein, D. N., & Eaton, N. R. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01072-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Groß, D., Schröder, I., Wasserfall, N., Eschenbeck, H., & Kohlmann, C. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12396 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Choate, A. M., Bornovalova, M. A., Hipwell, A. E., Chung, T. A., & Stepp, S. D. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000800 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nestler, S. (2023) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2023.2217418 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, T., Chen, X., Chen, X.-H., Tan, S.-J., Song, C., Fan, L., Li, J.-Y., & Li, H. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/5566680 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ferariu, A., Taylor, A., Chang, H., & Zhang, F. (2024) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15393 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Park, H. G., Johnson, M. D., Gordon, A. M., & Impett, E. A. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251330700 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationFinsrud, I., Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Ulvenes, P., Vrabel, K. R., Melsom, L., & Wampold, B. E. (2023) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000853 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cai, H., Niu, Y., Gao, X., Liu, R., Liu, Z., Guo, X., & Luo, L. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02181-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Raufelder, D., Steinberg, O., Viljaranta, J., Poikkeus, A., & Vasalampi, K. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102555 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fitting Single- and Multiple-Indicator STARTS Models as Dynamic Structural Equation Models
Nestler, S., Robitzsch, A., & Lüdtke, O. (2024) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2024.2415420 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationTorres, Z., Fernández, I., Sanz, A., Abella, M., & Tomás, J. M. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.105957 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Schepp, S. T., & Boehm, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-025-10058-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ogg, J. A., Anthony, C. J., & Wendel, M. J. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.11.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder
van de Leur, J. C., Johansson, F., McCracken, L. M., Åhs, F., Brodda Jansen, G., & Buhrman, M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2295217 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For example, while these models effectively distinguish between-person and within-person variation and attempt to account for time-invariant confounding, they do not address the potential impact of time-varying confounders (Mund et al., 2021).”
BackgroundLv, X., Zhou, J., & Ren, X. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102666 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kim, S. (2022) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21488 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cai, T., Ma, S., & Zhong, R. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.10.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Is Job Satisfaction Related to Subjective Well-being? Causal Inference from Longitudinal Data
Prati, G. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10400-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schaller, S., Schümann, C., & Arlt, D. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2457557 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Balderrama‐Durbin, C. M., Barden, E. P., Gates, M. V., Hill, J., Mastroleo, N. R., Possemato, K., King, P. R., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2023) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2023.2294985 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Malinka, J., Mitte, K., & Ziegler, M. D. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10316-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Badache, A. C., Rehnberg, J., Mäki‐Torkko, E., Widén, S., & Fors, S. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105362 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lamboglia, C. G., Ruissen, G. R., Mandic, S., Bengoechea, E. G., & Spence, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2372929 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Personal harm from the Covid-19 pandemic predicts advocacy for equality
Birnbaum, H. J., Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. K., Reinhart, E. C., Carey, R. M., & Markus, H. R. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104400 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Compagnoni, M., Rechsteiner, B., Grob, U., Bayer, N., Wullschleger, A., & Merki, K. M. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652/a000366 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bittmann, F. (2024) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.566 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vasilopoulos, P., & Robinson, J. (2024) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-024-09961-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lipnevich, A. A., Lopera-Oquendo, C., Çalık, B., Shu, L., & Tay, H. Y. (2025) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-025-10086-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Nie, S., Yang, P., Pei, Y., Dong, M., Cui, N., Zhang, X., & Cao, F. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121118 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reid, C. A., Dhamankar, M., Marsh, S., Peterson, E. R., Erb, C. D., & Waldie, K. E. (2026) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2026.101266 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The longitudinal network of social and emotional development in middle childhood
Santiago, P. H. R., Soares, G. H., McCormick, K. M., Gregory, T. A., Sawyer, A. C. P., Smithers, L. G., & Jamieson, L. (2026) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2026.101925 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Villodas, M. L., Gibbs, D., Wilson, A. B., & Munson, M. R. (2023) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2023.2178269 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Scale Goes Up, the Joy Goes Down? Investigating the Causal Effect of Body Weight on Happiness
Bittmann, F. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-024-00203-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schümann, C., & Arlt, D. (2025) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2025.2511616 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Matematiikan osaamistaso ja matemaattisen minäkäsityksen kehitys alakoulusta toiselle asteelle
Salonen, V., & Hannula, M. S. (2022) · LUMAT International Journal on Math Science and Technology Education · doi:10.31129/lumat.10.1.1732 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lamboglia, C. G., Ruissen, G. R., Kuzik, N., Carson, V., & Spence, J. C. (2023) · Journal of Activity Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors · doi:10.1186/s44167-023-00039-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
van Dijk, W., de Moor, M. H. M., Oosterman, M., Huizink, A. C., & Matvienko‐Sikar, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1296453 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anthony, C. J., Ogg, J. A., & Winkelman, E. H. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101308
How to Promote a Stress and Smoke Free Start of Life?
van Dijk, W. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.740
Leonhardt, N. D., Yorgason, J. B., & Willoughby, B. J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197677797.003.0014
Who (Really) Wins with Basic Income: Personality and Values as Predictors of Happiness Trajectories
Malinka, J., Mitte, K., & Ziegler, M. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00831-x
Raw, J. A. L., Heron, J., Oliver, B. R., Gilmour, J., & Midouhas, E. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70054
Piccinelli, E., Vauclair, C., & Rudnev, M. (2025) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102307
Morin, A. H., Wichstrøm, L., Steinsbekk, S., Stokke, S. S., Skalicka, V., & Stenseng, F. (2026) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2026.102467
Keintzel, S. L. G. M., Wetzel, N., & Scharf, F. (2026) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2025.2598602
Arlt, D., & Schumann, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2026.1782842
Developmental co-occurrence of psychopathology dimensions in childhoodPreprint
Nivard, M. G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T., Plomin, R. J., Pingault, J., Rimfeld, K., Allegrini, A. G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2022) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Moreira, M. F., & Oliveira, M. A. P. (2026) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2026.05.005
Li, P., Ge, L., Liu, Y., Li, K., Wu, T., Fu, Q., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., & Wu, Q. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15207954
Prati, G. (2025) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000595
Kanamori, Y., Kimura, Y., Tabuchi, T., & Nishi, D. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10400801/v1
Fu, Y., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Bu, Y., & Li, C. (2026) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2026.2728699
Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children and Parent-Child Relationships: A Cycle of Mutual Influences?
Bernier, A., Cimon-Paquet, C., Leblanc, C.-A., Fontaine, N., Béliveau, M.-J., Tarabulsy, G. M., Lavoie, A., & Thériault, R. L. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2026.2724271
Xu, Z., & Ruan, Q. (2026) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-026-02421-x
Yin, T., Peng, Y., Chen, L., Wang, Z., Liu, X., Xie, C., & Gao, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1929181
Toddlers’ preference for social scenes and its relation to later social-communicative skills
Hu, Y., Li, Z., & Yi, L. (2026) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2026.102266
Longitudinal Associations Between Friendship Quality and Suicidal Ideation Among College Students
Wang, L., Song, X., Yan, L., & Peng, Y. (2026) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2026.2730445
- Authors
- Mund, M., Johnson, M. D., & Nestler, S.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Mund, Marcus
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-09-01
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 666928-666928
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8441132
- OpenAlex
- W3197853676
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 9.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- cross-lagged panel model, random intercept cross-lagged panel model, within-person associations, between-person associations, time-varying covariates, bidirectional relationship, confounding, parameter estimates, longitudinal analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
