Sleep, Well-Being and Academic Performance: A Study in a Singapore Residential College
Open accessAbstract
We examined the relationship between sleep and the affective components of subjective well-being as well as psychological well-being, and between sleep and academic performance, of full-time undergraduate students in a residential college at the National University of Singapore. The aspects of sleep considered were self-reported sleep duration, sleep efficiency, frequency of sleep disturbances, daytime dysfunction, sleep latency and overall sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Academic performance was measured using self-reported cumulative average point scores, typically known as grade point average in other institutions. Psychological well-being and the affective components of subjective well-being were assessed using the Flourishing Scale and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, respectively. With the exception of sleep latency, our univariate analysis revealed significant associations between the abovementioned facets of sleep, and the affective components of subjective well-being. The analysis also revealed significant associations between the above sleep variables and psychological well-being, except sleep latency and frequency of sleep disturbances. Only daytime dysfunction was found to be significantly correlated with academic performance in our univariate analysis. In addition, our multivariate analysis shows that psychological well-being, affect balance and academic performance each has a direct effect on overall sleep quality. The relationship between overall sleep quality and psychological well-being is U-shaped, while that between overall sleep quality and affect balance is linear and moderated by psychological well-being. The relationship between overall sleep quality and academic performance is either U-shaped or an inverted-U, depending on the level of psychological well-being, which moderates the relationship. These nonlinear relationships indicate that individuals with the highest levels of psychological well-being are not the best sleepers (in terms of overall sleep quality), neither are the highest academic achievers necessarily the best sleepers.
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Although research consistently shows that sleep quality influences academic outcomes, the magnitude of this relationship varies considerably across studies.
“Although research consistently shows that sleep quality influences academic outcomes, the magnitude of this relationship varies considerably across studies (Armand et al., 2021; Lien et al., 2020; Tonetti et al., 2015).”
From The Effect of Sleep Quality on Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study (2026) · cites this paper as Armand et al., 2021
The Introduction’s “Sleep and Academic Achievement” section reports positive associations in some studies but no association or contrary findings in others, supporting variation across studies. It does not support the claim that research consistently shows an influence, nor does it quantify how much the relationship’s magnitude varies. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCorrelation coefficients between sleep quality and academic performance range from weak to moderate and strong.
“Correlation coefficients between sleep quality and academic performance range from weak (Armand et al., 2021; Faught et al., 2017b; Singh et al., 2018) to moderate (Tonetti et al., 2015) and strong (Lien et al., 2020).”
From The Effect of Sleep Quality on Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study (2026) · cites this paper as Armand et al., 2021
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Well-Being of University Students in Singapore
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- Authors
- Armand, M. A., Biassoni, F., & Corrias, A.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Corrias, Alberto
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-05-31
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 672238-672238
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8200680
- OpenAlex
- W3171807101
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, academic performance, sleep quality, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, daytime dysfunction, sleep latency, grade point average, undergraduate students, Flourishing Scale, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, nonlinear relationship
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