Sleep and Academic Performance in Undergraduates: A Multi-measure, Multi-predictor Approach
Open accessAbstract
The present study examined the associations of sleep patterns with multiple measures of academic achievement of undergraduate university students and tested whether sleep variables emerged as significant predictors of subsequent academic performance when other potential predictors, such as class attendance, time devoted to study, and substance use are considered. A sample of 1654 (55% female) full-time undergraduates 17 to 25 yrs of age responded to a self-response questionnaire on sleep, academics, lifestyle, and well-being that was administered at the middle of the semester. In addition to self-reported measures of academic performance, a final grade for each student was collected at the end of the semester. Univariate analyses found that sleep phase, morningness/eveningness preference, sleep deprivation, sleep quality, and sleep irregularity were significantly associated with at least two academic performance measures. Among 15 potential predictors, stepwise multiple regression analysis identified 5 significant predictors of end-of-semester marks: previous academic achievement, class attendance, sufficient sleep, night outings, and sleep quality (R(2)=0.14 and adjusted R(2)=0.14, F(5, 1234)= 40.99, p < .0001). Associations between academic achievement and the remaining sleep variables as well as the academic, well-being, and lifestyle variables lost significance in stepwise regression. Together with class attendance, night outings, and previous academic achievement, self-reported sleep quality and self-reported frequency of sufficient sleep were among the main predictors of academic performance, adding an independent and significant contribution, regardless of academic variables and lifestyles of the students.
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Most studies looking at the effects of sleep quality and duration on academic performance have linked longer and better-quality sleep with better academic performance such as school grades and study effort.
“While a few studies report null effects,20,21 most studies looking at the effects of sleep quality and duration on academic performance have linked longer and better-quality sleep with better academic performance such as school grades and study effort.4,6,9–13,22–27”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction and Discussion link shorter or poorer-quality sleep with lower academic grades, both in this study and in prior studies. They do not establish study effort as an academic-performance outcome linked to sleep; time devoted to study is treated as a potential predictor considered alongside sleep. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSelf-reported sleep measures from students in their own homes have been found to be associated with academic performance.
“self-reported sleep measures from students in the comfort of their own homes have also been found to be associated with academic performance.9–13”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The Abstract and Discussion report associations between undergraduates’ self-reported sleep measures and academic performance. The Procedures section says students completed the questionnaires at the end of class sessions, not in their own homes; that setting is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe present study's results correlating overall sleep quality and duration with academic performance are well aligned with previous studies.
“The present results correlating overall sleep quality and duration with academic performance are well aligned with previous studies6,11,12,24,25 on the role of sleep on cognitive performance.”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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Orzech, K. M., Grandner, M. A., Roane, B. M., & Carskadon, M. A. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.049 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Kabrita, C., Hajjar-Muça, T., & Duffy, J. (2014) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s55538 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Tonetti, L., Natale, V., & Randler, C. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1049271 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Good sleep quality is associated with better academic performance among Sudanese medical students
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Calculating the contribution of sleep problems to undergraduates' academic success
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Lemma, S., Berhane, Y., Worku, A., Gelaye, B., & Williams, M. A. (2014) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-013-0874-8 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Late bedtimes weaken school performance and predispose adolescents to health hazards
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Jha, R. K., Shah, D. K., Basnet, S., Paudel, K. R., Sah, P., Sah, A. K., & Adhikari, K. (2016) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2186-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Tavernier, R., Munroe, M., & Willoughby, T. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1085062 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sleep Predicts Collegiate Academic Performance
Prichard, J. R. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.10.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sleep, Well-Being and Academic Performance: A Study in a Singapore Residential College
Armand, M. A., Biassoni, F., & Corrias, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672238 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Escribano, C., & Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2014) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.898649 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Impact of Duration of Sleep on Academic Performance in University Students
Raley, H., Naber, J., Cross, S., & Perlow, M. (2016) · Madridge Journal of Nursing · doi:10.18689/mjn-1000103 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness: effects on university students’ mental health
Gallo, G. G., Curado, D. F., Machado, M. P. A., Espíndola, M. I., Scattone, V. V., & Noto, A. R. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-023-00604-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gomes, A. A., Tavares, J., & de Azevedo, M. H. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- University of Coimbra
- Corresponding author
- Gomes, Ana Allen
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 786-801
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W2150740689
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universidade de Aveiro
- Universidade de Coimbra
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, academic performance, undergraduate students, sleep quality, sleep deprivation, sleep irregularity, sleep stages, morningness-eveningness preference, class attendance, study time, substance use, predictors of academic achievement, well-being
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Students, Universities, Multivariate Analysis, Young Adult
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