Predictors and prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD among university students during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey
Open accessAbstract
This study aimed to find the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD; differences according to demographic variables; and predictors of mental health problems during the second wave of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Turkey. Differences in exposure to COVID-19 during the first and second waves of the pandemic among students were compared. A total of 754 students from seven universities in different parts of Turkey participated in the survey between November and December 2020. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) scale measuring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used to measure the mental well-being of students. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, correlations, and multinomial logistic regression methods were used to analyze the data. The prevalence of high stress, high generalized anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 10), high depression symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10), and high PTSD in the total sample were 84.2, 36.2, 55.0, and 61.2%, respectively. High perceived stress, moderate generalized anxiety disorder, mild depression symptoms, high severity PTSD, and moderate satisfaction were found among students in Turkey. Religiosity and spirituality have significant negative correlations with anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Religiosity level, gender, relationship status, year of study, physical activity, symptoms of coronavirus, death of a close relative, job loss, and economic status are significant parameters for predicting psychological problems of students in Turkey.
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People who are more satisfied with their lives are expected to have a positive mood and successful academic activities.
“People who are more satisfied with their lives are expected to have a positive mood and successful academic activities (1, 2).”
From Investigating social media addiction and impact of social media addiction, loneliness, depression, life satisfaction and problem-solving skills on academic self-efficacy and academic success among university students (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
The Results (§4.2; page unavailable) report that greater life satisfaction is associated with less anxiety, depression, and PTSD, which supports the positive-mood part of the claim in a broad sense. The paper does not link life satisfaction to successful academic activities; its discussion of academic difficulties does not establish that connection. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA lack of social interactions can also lead to depression.
“A lack of social interactions can also lead to depression (1, 28).”
There is a significant negative correlation between satisfaction with life and depression.
“There was a significant negative correlation between satisfaction with life and depression (1)”
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Sorted by citations
Aslan, I., & Polat, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1359691 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Aslan, I., & Çınar, O.
- Affiliations
- Atatürk University (TR)
- ORCID
- Çınar, Orhan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-01-10
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1087528-1087528
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9872141
- OpenAlex
- W4315487978
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 9.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, university students, mental health, perceived stress, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, life satisfaction, religiosity and spirituality, predictors of psychological distress, COVID-19 exposure, Turkey
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