Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with Covid-19: a cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents
Open accessAbstract
Background The aim was to assess the impact of COVID-19 self-isolation/social distancing on mental health, and potential correlates, among a sample of the UK population.Methods A cross-sectional study. Mental health was measured using the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory. Mental wellbeing was measured using The Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Data collected on predictors included sex, age, marital status, employment, annual income, region, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, physical multimorbidity, any physical symptoms experienced during self-isolation/social distancing, and the number of days of self-isolation/social distancing. The association between potential predictors and poor mental health was studied using a multivariable logistic regression.Results 932 participants were included. Factors associated with poor mental health were sex (reference: male; female: OR=1.89, 95%CI=1.34-2.68), age (18-24 years: reference;45-54 years: OR=0.27, 95%CI=0.14-0.53; 55-64 years: OR=0.24, 95%CI=0.12-0.47; 65-74years: OR=0.10, 95% CI=0.05-0.22; and ≥75years: OR=0.08,95% CI=0.03-0.24),annual income (<£15,000: reference; £25,000-<£40,000: OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.31-0.93; £40,000-<£60,000: OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.22-0.69; and ≥£60,000: OR=0.38, 95% CI=0.21-0.67), current smoking (yes: OR=2.59, 95%CI=1.62-4.20), and physical multimorbidity (OR=2.35, 95%CI=1.61-3.46).Conclusions In this sample of UK adults self-isolating/social distancing females, younger age groups, those with a lower annual income, current smokers and those with physical multimorbidity were associated with higher levels of poor mental health.
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Older adults seemed to have a more optimistic outlook and better mental health during the pandemic's initial stages.
“Older adults seemed to have a more optimistic outlook and better mental health during the pandemic’s initial stages (Bruine de Bruin, 2020) and better mental health outcomes (Smith et al., 2020).”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Smith et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Smith, L., Jacob, L., Yakkundi, A., McDermott, D., Armstrong, N. C., Barnett, Y., López-Sánchez, G. F., Martin, S., Butler, L., & Tully, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (ES)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Public Health Agency (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Lee
- Tully, Mark A
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 291
- Pages
- 113138
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7258801
- OpenAlex
- W3028670956
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 28
- FWCI
- 31.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, psychological well-being, self-isolation, social distancing, sex differences, age differences, income, smoking, physical multimorbidity, somatic symptoms, UK adults, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Isolation, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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